Utman ibn Affan

Utman ibn Affan. He was the third Umayyad Caliph ( 644 – 656 ). Notable Meccan convert to Islam , he married two of Muhammad’s daughters . Utman ibn Affan was appointed head of the caliphate after the death of Umar I , which occurred in 644 , by the delegates appointed for this purpose. They finally decided for him against the claims of Ali ibn Abi Talib .

Biographical data

He was born in Utman, Uzman or Uthman ibn Affan. Of weak character, he had to face continuous discontent during his government, many times caused by certain acts of nepotism that occurred both in Medina and in cities of Egypt or in Kuka . Despite everything, he conquered North Africa , Asia Minor, and Iran . Accused of corruption, he encountered strong opposition in Iraq and from Muhammad’s former companions.

The most notable event that occurred in the course of his reign was the establishment of an “official”, canonical text of the Koran , which replaced the various versions, often fragmentary, that existed up to that moment. This partly made it possible to stop the discrepancies that were emerging and that threatened to break the unity of the umma. But the problems were mounting: the old tensions of the Arabs were reborn (sedentary from the south or Yemenis against nomads or Qaysies, Medines against Mecques); conflicts arose between the Muslims of the first hour and those who had accepted the new faith in the conquered countries (mawalí), who were not resigned to a second-rate situation.

Meanwhile, Ali had gathered around him a significant number of Muslims (Shiites) who, scandalized by the laxity of customs and the preference given to political matters over religious matters, claimed for Muhammad’s cousin-son-in-law the Caliphal dignity , based on their membership in the Prophet’s family. In 656 , a group of radical Shiites entered the home of Utman ibn Affan, killing him while he was reading the Koran. Nothing could do to prevent his wife, the Christian Naila, who was also injured. He died in 656.

 

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