Various types of distillation into one form of separation which is usually used in industrial chemistry, for example, in the separation of petroleum and drugs used in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, as a separation technique, distillation can be carried out in a number of ways. Each method is adjusted to the required results. Distillation can be done both on a small scale and on a large scale.
table of contents
- Distillation
- Kind of Distillation
- Simple Distillation
- Multilevel Distillation
- Steam Distillation
- Vacuum Distillation
- Azetrop Distillation
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- Kind of Distillation
Distillation
Distillation is a method of refining the separation of various types of chemicals that have differences based on the speed, volatility and votality of the material. In simple terms, the mixed material is heated to the boiling point and produces steam.
Steam from the boiling results will be returned to liquid form. Meanwhile substances with a smaller amount of boiling point will evaporate first.
Kind of Distillation
The following explanation is related to the types of distillation and examples.
- Simple Distillation
This distillation technique is the simplest example of distillation. A simple distillation process is carried out by raising the low temperature to the highest or boiling point. This results in vapor pressure that is outside the liquid or at normal atmospheric pressure or boiling point.
The basis of simple distillation is separation based on differences in boiling points that are volatile. If the mixture is heated or boiled, the component with a lower margin will evaporate like the other components.
In addition to referring to its boiling point, the difference in volatility is the tendency of a substance to change to gas. Simple distillation processes occur depending on atmospheric pressure. A simple distillation process can be seen in the separation between an alcohol mixture and plain water.
Simple distillation can also be used in the purification of substances contaminated by solids or liquids under conditions of significant boiling point differences. The result of the separation is in the form of pollutants or impurities that will remain as residue.
Because it is called a simple distillation, the purification process can be carried out by anyone. The framework can also be replaced by other alternative tools that can support the function of the separation process. But still use the principles of the way distillation works in general.
The series of distillation components used can usually be found completely in laboratory equipment. However, a series of simple distillation devices can be replaced with other devices. The main components of simple distillation include:
- A water reservoir
- Distillation flask
- Connection
- Thermometer
- The condenser
- Distilled pumpkin
- Air Hole
- Where the distillation results come out
- Penangas
- Water on the bath
- Multilevel Distillation
Multilevel distillation is a distillation technique that is carried out twice or more to get results. The multilevel distillation process is still found at its boiling point difference. Multilevel distillation is also capable of being used in mixtures with different point temperatures of less than 20 degrees Celsius. Besides this distillation also works at atmospheric pressure and low pressure.
Because it is not part of simple distillation, the process is more complex. Usually multilevel distillation is applied to the crude oil industry. Its function is to separate the components that are in crude oil.
The difference between simple distillation and multilevel distillation is located in the fractionation column. In this column a gradual heating occurs, ie at different temperatures on each plate. Warming in a high-level distillation aims to purify the distillate more than the plate located underneath.
- Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is a technique used in a mixture of compounds that are at boiling point until the temperature reaches 200 degrees Celsius or even more. With temperatures as high as that distillation process will produce compound vapor when the temperature is at a point of 100 degrees Celsius, at atmospheric pressure or boiling water.
The fundamental properties present in this type of distillation can distill the mixture of compounds below the boiling point on each compound mixture. In addition, steam distillation can be used in a mixture that is not dissolved with water at all temperatures.
Steam distillation is generally applied to the process of extracting products with natural ingredients. For example, citrus extracts, eucalyptus oil, and perfume oils derived from plants.
The mixture from the extract is then heated using water vapor that has been flowed into the mixture. The water vapor discharged will most likely be added during the heating process. So the result is the mixed steam will go up to the condenser and enter the distillate flask.
- Vacuum Distillation
Vacuum distillation is a type of distillation that is generally used if the compound is unstable. Ie compounds that decompose before or shortly near the boiling point, or can also occur in mixtures with boiling points more than 150 degrees Celsius.
Vacuum distillation cannot be applied by solvents with lower boiling points. If the condenser uses cold water, it will cause the components that evaporate cannot be condensed by water.
One method used to reduce pressure is to use a vacuum pump or aspirator, its function is to reduce the pressure in the vacuum distillation system.
- Azetrop Distillation
Azetrop distillation technique is a process that vaporizes a liquid without changing any composition. This separation is usually done by connecting other compounds that can break the azeotropic bond as for the process required very high pressure.
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