The Mayan calendar was a time measurement system that used astronomical information to record recurring cycles .
Unlike the general belief, the Mayan calendar was not only one, but a system made up of several types of calendars that were related to each other. The most important were:
- The Haabcalendar , equivalent to 365 Earth days.
- The Tzolkincalendar , equivalent to 260 Earth days.
- The calendrical wheel, which resulted from the union of the Tzolkin calendar and the Haab .
This system was created and used by the Mayan civilization, which inhabited Mesoamerica between 2000 BC and 1697 AD, when the fall of the last independent Mayan city at the hands of the Spanish conquerors was recorded.
The function of the Mayan calendar was to mark the religious festivities, agree on the dates for planting and harvesting food, in addition to regulating daily life. In fact, the date of birth of each person was considered a relevant data to understand their life cycles and make predictions about it.
Days, months and years in the Mayan calendar
The basic units of time measurement in the Mayan calendar were:
- Kin: equivalent to one Earth day.
- Uinal: 20 kin . It is a unit equivalent to a month of 20 Earth days.
- Tun: 360 kin . It is a cycle equivalent to a solar year, made up of 18 uinals or “months” of 20 days.
- Katún: 7200 kines . It is a cycle of 20 tunes (solar years) or 360 uinals (“months”).
- Baktún: 144,000 kin . It is a cycle of 7200 uinals (“months”), 400 tunes (solar years) or 20 katuns (cycles of 20 solar years).
The Mayan calendar calculated a period of 5200 tunes , corresponding to 5125, 36 solar years. According to the equivalences with the Gregorian calendar, the time recording began on August 11, 3114 BC and ended on December 21, 2012.
See also:
- Mayan culture.
Haab Calendar
The Haab calendar was a way of measuring the solar year, dividing it into 18 uinals (months) of 20 kin (days) each . That gives a total of 360 days. The remaining 5 days correspond to a period called uayeb or “The 5 unfortunate days”. The Mayans believed that the last five days of tun (year) the world of the living and the dead was mixed, which was considered dangerous. To avoid being hit by misfortune, religious rituals were carried out, avoiding leaving the house, among other customs.
In the Haab calendar , each of the 20 kines and the 18 uinals have a name, as described below:
Kin (day)
- Imix
- Ik
- Ak’bal
- Khan
- Chikchan
- Cimi
- Manik
- The mat
- Muluk
- Okay
- Chuen
- Eb
- Ben
- Ix
- Menu
- Kib
- Kaban
- Etz’nab
- Kawak
- Aha
Uinal (month)
- Pop
- Uo
- Zip
- Zotz
- Tzec
- Xul
- Yaxkin
- Mol
- Chen
- Yax
- Zac
- Ceh
- Mac
- Kankin
- Muwan
- Pax
- Kayak
- Cumku
The 5 unfortunate days: Uayeb
See also Calendar.
Tzolkin Calendar
The Tzlokin calendar is a system that measures a cycle of 260 kin or solar days . This cycle was divided into thirteen uinals (months) of 20 kins each.
As this calendar is not related to any astronomical phenomenon, its usefulness is unknown. Some experts assure that it is a Venusian calendar, but there is no conclusive evidence about it.
However, in some remote Mayan communities in Guatemala, the Tzlokin calendar is still used to grow corn, which may give an indication of at least one of its ancient uses.
In the Tzolkin calendar the names of the days are the same as in the Haab system .
Calendrical wheel
The calendrical wheel was the result of the combination of the Haab and Tzlokin systems . This resulted in cycles of 18,980 kin or days, which in turn equates to 52 Haab calendars (i.e. 52 years of 365 days), and 73 Tzolkin calendars .
The culmination of a cycle on the calendrical wheel is considered a kind of “century” or was Mayan.
