The Avars (магӀарул мацӀ, “language of the mountains”, or Авар мацӏ, “Avar language”), also called abar or Abar , [ 1 ] is a language family of languages Caucasian Northeast , spoken by approximately 800,000 people (in 2010 [ 2 ] ) in Dagestan ( Russian Federation ), Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Georgia and Turkey .
Index
- 1Geography
- 2Dialects
- 3Morphology
- 4Phonology
- 1Consonants
- 5Writing
- 1Spelling
- 6Sample text
- 7References
- 8External links
Geography [ edit | edit source code ]
The Avar is spoken in the southern and western areas of the Republic of Dagestan and in northwest Azerbaijan in rayons of Balakan and Zaqatala . [ 2 ] There are also avars from the Caucasus in other regions of the Russian Federation, in small communities, in Chechnya and Kalmykia . Avar speakers are also found in Georgia , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Jordan and some areas of Turkey ( Marmara Sea)). Thus, the number of speakers can reach 1.4 million worldwide. [ citation needed ]
It is one of the six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is not only spoken by ethnic groups but is also used as a lingua franca by different groups present in the region.
Dialects [ edit | edit source code ]
There are two main groups of avar dialects : [ citation needed ]
- Northern Avar, which includes khunzakh, kazbek, gunib and gumbet, among others
- Avar do Sul, which includes andalal, gidatl ‘, antsukh, charoda, tlyarata, tsumada, tsunta and others
Morphology [ edit | edit source code ]
Avar is an agglutinating language , without genders and the syntactic order is SOV ( Subject – Object – Verb )
Phonology [ edit | edit source code ]
Consonants [ edit | edit source code ]
Phonemes consonant to Avar [ 3 ] | ||||||||||||||||
Lip | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | epi- glottal |
Glottal | |||||||||
central | side | |||||||||||||||
lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||
Plosiva | Sonora | B | d | ɡ | ||||||||||||
Deaf | P | t | k | kː | ʔ | |||||||||||
ejective | tʼ | kʼ | kːʼ | |||||||||||||
Africada | Deaf | have | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬː | q͡χː | |||||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sːʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃːʼ | (t͡ɬːʼ) | q͡χːʼ | ||||||||||
Fricative | Deaf | s | s | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | x | xː | χ | χː | ʜ | ||||
Sonora | v | z | ʒ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | ||||||||||
Vibrant simple | r | |||||||||||||||
Approx. | l | j |
Writing [ edit | edit source code ]
The Avar language was written until the 15th century with the ancient Georgian alphabet . From the 17th century onwards it was written with a modified Arabic alphabet , called Ajam , which is still known today. As part of the Soviet Union ‘s policy of re-education , the Latin alphabet was adopted and in 1938 the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted . There are 47 letters, including some sets of two consonants.
Spelling [ edit | edit source code ]
The Avar language is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet . The letters are presented here with their pronunciation in IPA [ 4 ] :
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГI гI | Д д |
/The/ | /B/ | / w / | / ɡ / | / ʁ / | /H/ | / ʕ / | / d / |
Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ |
/ e /, / je / | / jo / | / ʒ / | / z / | / i / | / j / | / k ‘/ | / qː ‘/ |
Кь кь | КI кI | КIкI кIкI | Кк кк | Л л | М м | Н н | О о |
/ t͡ɬː ‘/ | / k ‘/ | / t͡ɬː / | / ɬ / | / l / | / m / | / n / | /The/ |
П п | Р р | С с | Т т | ТI тI | У у | Ф ф | Х х |
/P/ | / r / | /s/ | / t / | / t ‘/ | / u / | / f / | / χ / |
Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | ХI хI | Ц ц | Цц цц | ЦI цI | ЦIцI цIцI |
/ qː / | / x / | /H/ | / t / / | / t͡s’ / | |||
Ч ч | ЧI чI | ЧIчI чIчI | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь |
/ t͡ʃ / | / t͡ʃ ‘/ | / ʃ / | / ʃː / | / ʔ / | / ɨ / | ||
Э э | Ю ю | Я я | |||||
/and/ | / ju / | /already/ |
/ t͡ɬː / and / ɬ / are written respectively ЛI лI, Лъ лъ