Upanishads

Upanishads (composed period around 1000 to 300 BC) ^[1] Total number 108. India ‘s highest recognized collection of different philosophies . It is also called Vedanta . Upanishads many philosophers of India, which sage or sage has said, several years of results seriously contemplates the. Many religions and ideologies of the world were born by considering the Upanishads as the basis and converting their philosophy into their own language . Out of the number of Upanishads available, the Ishadi 10 Upanishads are universally accepted. The total number of Upanishads is 108. The major Upanishads are Ish , Ken , Kath , Mandukya., Taittiriya , Aitareya , Chhandogya , Shvetashvatar , Brihadaranyak , Kaushitki , Mundaka , Query , Maitrani etc. The 10 Upanishads on which Adi Shankara has written his commentary are considered authentic.

Definition of Upanishads (Various Opinions)

The Brahmins were composed by Brahmin priests, but the Kshatriyas also had an important part in the creation of philosophical hypotheses of the Upanishads. The Upanishads symbolize the period when various varnas were emerging and states were being formed by organizing clans. The Kshatriyas played a major role in the creation of states, although they also had the support of Brahmins in this work. According to Dr. Radhakrishnan the derivation of the word Upanishad is from Up (near), Ni (below), and षदषदad (sit). Teams of disciples used to sit close to their guru to know the truth about this world. The philosophy of Upanishads is also called Vedanta, which means the end of the Vedas, their fulfillment. In these, problems related to knowledge have been considered. ^[2]

The word that is commonly used in these texts for divineness is Brahman. Although it is believed that it is indescribable in terminology with idiomatic expressions such as ‘it’ or ‘she’ and hence it is often said to be indistinguishable, however it is somehow established by the soul or self. The word Atman has been used for this in the Upanishads. Hence, formalistic idealism, in short, is called the equation of the Atman from Brahman. The Aupanishadic idealists have accepted this Atman as ‘Chetna-Punj mere’ (Vigyan-Ghan) and sometimes as ‘Supreme Consciousness’ (Chitta). It has also been accepted as ananda and satta. ^[3]

Own their interpretation of the Upanishads could be saved rather than being a victim of this misfortune. Interpreters in western countries also followed one commentator. Gough follows Shankar’s explanation. In the preface to his book Philosophy of Upanishads, he writes, ‘The greatest commentator of the philosophical elements of the Upanishads is Shankara, that is, Shankaracharya. Shankar’s own sermon is also a natural and rational interpretation of the philosophical elements of the Upanishads. ‘ ^[4] MaxMoulerHas also supported this view. ‘We must remember that the eternal opinion of Vedanta is not what we can call development, but maya. The development or result of Brahma is different from the ancient idea, Maya or Vivarta is the Sanatan Vedanta.… It would be said figuratively that according to Sanatana Vedanta, this world did not originate from Brahma in the sense in which the seed A tree is produced, but just as the rays of the sun make the belief of the Mrigamarika, similarly the origin of the world from Brahma also seems to be confused. ‘ ^[5] Dusan ^[6] has accepted the same view. ^[7]

The section of the Vedas in which purely spiritual thought is given priority and the relaxation of the deeds related to fruits is suggested to be ‘Upanishad’. This part of the Veda is in all its branches, but it should be clearly understood that at present, some of the texts available in the name of the Upanishads noun, some of the Upanishads ( Ishavasya , Brihadaranyaka , Taittiriya , Chandogya etc.) – except It is not the case that all the Upanishads are available in the rest. Some of the Shakhagati Upanishads have been designated as Upanishads on the basis of occasional, social or personal necessity. That is why there is diversity in their numbers and achievements.

The Upanishads that are part of the Vedas are completely intact in their branches. Both of them and the names of the branches which are available in the Upanishads-noun texts, should not be considered both. Out of the number of available Upanishads-texts, Ishadi 10 Upanishads are acceptable. Apart from these, 5 more Upanishads ( Shvetashvatradi)), On which Acharya’s commentaries and quotations, etc. are said to be unanimous. Apart from these 15, the Upanishads which are available, even if there is a variation of their word power and rendering style etc., it can be said that their rendition of Brahm or Atman is definitely related to Aporasushaya, continual, automatic proof Veda-word-zodiac. The total number of Upanishads is 108. The major Upanishads are Ish, Ken, Kath, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Shvetashvatar, Brihadaranyak, Kaushitki, Mundaka, Ques, Maitranya etc. But Sankara was who wrote his commentary on 10 Upanishads, which he’s been considered authentic – God, Ken , Manduky , Mundk , Tattiriy, Aitareya , question , Chhandogy and BrihdarnykUpanishads. Apart from this, the Shvetashvatar and Kaushitaki Upanishads are also important. Thus out of 103 Upanishads, only 13 Upanishads are considered authentic. India ‘s famous motto ‘ Satyamev Jayate ‘ is derived from Mundopanishad. The Upanishads are both in prose and verse, in which the Upanishads in question, Mandukya, Kane, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Kaushitaki are in prose and the Kane, Ish, Kath and Shvetashvatar are in verse.

Vedas and related Upanishads

Veda	Related Upanishads
1- Rigveda	Atreopanishad
2- Yajurveda	Brihadaranyakopanishad
3- Shukla Yajurveda	Ishavasopanishad
4- Krishna Yajurveda	Taittiriyopanishad , Kathopanishad , Shvetashtaropanishad , Maitrayani Upanishad
5- Samaveda	Washkl Upanishads , Chhandogy Upanishads , Kenopanisd
6- Atharvaveda	Mandukyopanishad , Question Council , Mundakopanishad

Upanishads Introduction

The name of the Vedas comes as the oldest and unique heritage of Indian culture . ‘ Agaveda ‘ is the oldest book of world literature. Mystics have identified ‘Veda’ as divine ‘Bodh’ or ‘knowledge’. Scholars have named the Upanishads as ‘Vedanta’, the last commentary of the Vedas. Earlier ‘Samhita’ ‘ Brahmin ‘ and ‘ Aranyak ‘ for VedasNames are also used. The Upanishads are the texts of Brahm Gyan. It literally means ‘to sit near’, that is, to sit near the Guru to attain the knowledge of Brahman. Thus the Upanishads are such a secret knowledge which we can understand only with the help of the Guru. They are also called ‘Brahmavidya’ because they are Brahmanical. In the Upanishads, there is a collection of philosophical ideas prevalent in the context of the soul, God and the world. The Upanishads are the last part of Vedic literature and the exponent of abstract principles, hence they are also called ‘Vedanta’. Their composition period 800 to 500 BC. Is between The Nishkam Karma Marga and Bhakti Marga appeared by the Upanishads developed in the Srimad Bhagavat Gita .

definition

The Upanishads are derived from the prefix ‘Up’ and ‘Ti’ and the combination of ‘Sad’ metal. ‘Sad’ metal is used in the context of ‘motion’, ie movement, knowledge and attainment. This means that the knowledge with which one attains the identity of Parabrahma, that is, God, is known as ‘Upanishad’.
There are three more meanings of ‘Sad’ metal in the Upanishads – destruction, speed, that is, enlightenment and relaxation. In this way, the Upanishad means – ‘Knowledge that destroys sin, attains true knowledge, explains the mystery of the soul and relaxes ignorance, it is a Upanishad.’
In Ashtadhyayi ^[8] , the word Upanishad is used in the sense of indirect or secret.
Kautilya ‘s Arthashastra uses the term ‘Aupanishad’ to discuss secret signs of war. From this it appears that the Upanishads refer to mystical knowledge.
It is said about the Amarakosh Upanishad – the word Upanishad is used to know the deep mysteries of religion. ^[9]

Etymology of the word Upanishad

Scholars have assumed the etymology of the word ‘Upanishad’ as ‘Up’ + ‘Ni’ + ‘Council’. This means that the knowledge that comes near without disturbance, the knowledge which is specific and complete and the knowledge which is true, is definitely called Upanishad knowledge. The basic idea is that the knowledge by which ‘Brahma’ can be interviewed is the ‘Upanishad’. It is also called spirituality.

Upanishads in the eyes of famous Indian scholars

Swami Vivekananda – ‘I read the Upanishads, then my tears start flowing. What great knowledge is this? It is necessary for us to imbibe the Tejasvita embodied in the Upanishads especially in our lives. We need strength. Will not work without power. Where to get this power? Upanishads are the mines of power. They are full of such power, which can give strength, valor and new life to the whole world. The Upanishads call out to every poor, weak, unhappy and downtrodden, without any distinction of any country, caste, creed and community – get up, stand on your feet and cut the bonds. Physical freedom, mental freedom, spiritual freedom – this is the basic mantra of the Upanishads. ‘
Poet Rabindranath Tagore – ‘A well-educated person will see that the Brahm Gyan of India has become the religion of the whole earth. In the morning, the east direction of the sun’s Arunim rays has begun to illuminate. But when that sun is illuminated in the mid-day sky, then at that time the entire earth will be illuminated by its brilliance. ‘
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Whoever reads Upanishads in the original Sanskrit, is enchanted by the flourishing, poetic and strong hypnosis of the human soul and his many evocations that expose the deep and sacred connections of the ultimate truth. looks like.’
Sant Vinova Bhave – ‘Upanishads have sung the glory of many. There is no book like Mountains and Upanishads like Himalayas, but Upanishads are not an ordinary book, it is a philosophy. Although an attempt has been made to put that philosophy in words, the footsteps of the words have faltered. Only signs of allegiance have emerged. With the help of the words of that allegiance, the feeling of the Upanishads can be realized by filling the heart, removing the words far away. In my life ‘Geeta’ has replaced ‘Mother’. That place belongs to him only. But I know that the Upanishads belong to my mother as well. With the same reverence, my Upanishads contemplate, Nididhyasana has been going on for the last thirty-two years. ^[10] ‘
Govindballabh – ‘Upanishad’ is the basic source of eternal philosophical knowledge. They are not only the result of the brightest intellect, but the results of the senses of the ancient sages. ‘

All the philosophies are mentioned by Indian mystics, all of them have emerged the knowledge contained in Vedic mantras. It can be seen not only in Sankhya and Vedanta (Upanishads), but also in Jain and Buddhist philosophies. Upanishads have a unique relationship with Indian culture. Through their study, we get true knowledge of the spiritual nature of Indian culture.

Upanishads in the eyes of Western scholars

Not only has the attention of the Indian curious gone towards the Upanishads, many Western scholars have also got the opportunity to read and understand the Upanishads. Only then are they impressed by the sublime nature of knowledge hidden in these Upanishads. They have been enchanted by the advanced ideology of these Upanishads, the sublime thinking, religious feeling and mystical esoteric manifestations of the spiritual world and have been praising them from the free gorge.

Arabian scholar Alberuni – ‘Gita’, the essence of Upanishads, is the greatest creation of Indian knowledge.
Dara Shikoh – ‘I read the Quran, Touret, Injil, Jubar etc. texts. The description of God in them did not quench the thirst of the mind. Then read the divine books of Hindus. Out of these, the knowledge of Upanishads is such that the soul gets eternal peace and joy. Hazrat Nabi has also indicated in a verse regarding these ancient mystical books. ^[11] ‘
German philosopher Arthur Schopen Hover– ‘My philosophical view is particularly influenced by the basic elements of the Upanishads. I understand that the introduction of Vedic literature by the Upanishads is a major benefit of the present century, which was not achieved by any century before it. I hope that the influence of Sanskrit literature in the advancement of European literature from the renaissance of Greek literature in the fourteenth century was no less fruitful than that. If the readers can be absorbed in ancient Indian knowledge and accept it with serious generosity, then they will be able to understand well what I want to say, the beauty of the Vedas is published everywhere in the Upanishads. Anyone who carefully studies the Persian, Latin translation of the Upanishads will surely be familiar with the unique sentiment of the Upanishads. Each of its lines reveals such strong, well-defined and harmonious meanings, Eyes open after seeing this. With each sentence, a group of very serious emotions and impulses of thoughts continue to appear. The entire book is filled with very high, sacred and secluded experiences. There are not so many fruitful and highly promising texts on the entire landmass as the original Upanishads. They have given me peace in life and they will give me peace even while dying. ‘
Schopen Hover also said- ‘The roots of our religion will never fall in India. The ‘mythological wisdom’ of mankind will never be abolished by the events of Galileo, but the stream of Indian knowledge will flow in Europe and will bring a complete change in our knowledge and ideas. Every sentence of the Upanishads emanates deeply original and sublime thoughts and everything becomes enchanted by a quirky, high, pious and concentrated spirit. In the whole world, there is no other book like Upanishads which is beneficial and uplifting the soul. These are flowers of supreme talent. Sooner or later, they will remain the basis of people’s faith. After the Schopen Hover, many Western scholars pondered over the Upanishads and sang their glory.
Emerson – ‘Western ideas are certainly guided by Vedanta.’
Max Müller – ‘For those wishing to avoid the fear of death, to make full preparations for death, and to know the truth, there is no other way in my sight other than the Upanishads. The knowledge of Upanishads has helped me immensely in the climax of my life. I am his class. These Upanishads have been highly respected in all the religious literature of the world for spiritual advancement and will always remain so. This knowledge, the great, is the result of the great wisdom of the mystics. Every day, this great knowledge of India will be published in Europe and then there will be a great change in our knowledge and thoughts.
Pro. Hume – ‘ I have read carefully the books of many philosophers like Socrates , Aristotle , Aflatun, etc., but the peaceful self-knowledge I found in the Upanishads was not seen anywhere else. ^[12] ‘
Pro. G. Arc – ‘How the human, spiritual, mental and social clauses can be solved, it can only be learned from the Upanishads. This teaching is so true, Shiva and beautiful that it penetrates to the depths of the conscience. When a person is surrounded by worldly sorrows and worries, the Upanishads can be helpful as an effective means of giving him peace and support. ^[13] ‘
Paul Dyson – ‘Vedanta (Upanishad-darshan) in its undeveloped form is the strongest basis of pure morality. The greatest solace is in the sufferings of life and death. ‘
Dr. Anibesant – ‘Indian Upanishad knowledge is the highest gift of human consciousness’.
Babar – ‘Indian Upanishads are the greatest treatise of divine knowledge. It gives true spiritual peace. This is an invaluable heritage of world literature. ^[14] ‘

Sources of Upanishads and their number

Often, the Upanishads are related to the mantra portion of the Vedas, the Brahmin scripture, the Aranyak Granth etc. Some have come into existence by the sages of the later Vedic period, who have an independent existence.

In the ‘Muktikopanishad’, 108 Upanishads (verses 30 to 39) are given. Of these 108 Upanishads—

There are 10 Upanishads of ्वgveda .
There are 19 Upanishads of ‘ Shukla Yajurveda ‘.
There are 32 Upanishads of ‘ Krishna Yajurveda ‘.
There are 16 Upanishads of ‘ Samaveda ‘.
There are 31 Upanishads of ‘ Atharvaveda ‘.

In the ‘Muktikopanishad’, the number of branches of the four Vedas is also given and each branch is said to have one Upanishad. Thus the four Vedas have many branches and the Upanishads of those branches are also many. Scholars have cited twenty-one branches of the Rigveda , one hundred and nine branches of the Yajurveda , one thousand branches of the Samaveda and fifty thousand branches of the Atharvaveda . In this view, there should be 1,180 Upanishads according to the branches of all the Vedas, but often 108 Upanishads are mentioned. Some of the Upanishads are also very small among them.

Creation period of Upanishads

There is no opinion of scholars regarding the creation of Upanishads. Some Upanishads have been considered part of the original codes of the Vedas. They are the most ancient. Some Upanishads have been accepted portions of ‘Brahman’ and ‘Aranyak’ texts. His creation is later than the codes. Some Upanishads are composed independently. They are all written later. Mantras have been considered as the basis for the decision of the Upanishads. In those-

Geographical conditions
Names of Suryavanshi-Chandravanshi kings or natives
Details of astronomical yogas are obtained. They express the possibility of the creation of the Upanishads, but they do not give an accurate representation of the creative; Because the names of the rivers whose names are counted under geographical conditions are not definite. Similarly, how many names of kings and rishis are used repeatedly in texts. When and in what era they happened, it cannot be properly assessed. As far as the description of celestial formulations is concerned, that too can be considered to be certain only to some extent.

The creators of the Upanishads, the sages, have given utmost importance to the feeling of public welfare with the truth of their experiences. His composition skills are very simple and simple. It is astonishing to see how these sages have expressed such a deep subject, its varied facts, in very few words and in a very simple and powerful language. There is no such stream of Indian philosophy whose essence is not present in these Upanishads. The search for truth or the identification of Brahman is the subject matter of these Upanishads. Before and after birth and death, where we were and where we will go, who is the controller of this entire creation, whose will this circulating world is circulating at will and what is our relationship with it – all these curiosities are suppressed by the Upanishads It is possible.

Language style of Upanishads

The language of the Upanishads is Devvani Sanskrit . The sentiments have been harmonized with this deity language very easily. In expressing the easy and deep experiences of the women, this language has acted like filling the ocean in Gagar. Those teachers have not even tried to impose their language knowledge on the scholars by making them clean, clamorous and enigmatic. He has tried to make his expressions easily perceptive, using his empirical knowledge very spontaneously, logically, critically, scriptural, examples, and punctuality.
The style of the Upanishads is amazing. Although they have resorted to an intense desire to understand esoteric mysteries and an ease of expressing a profound capacity for cognition, they seem compelled to relieve them from symbolic mysticism from place to place. There can be many reasons for this. Language is left with the help of extremely esoteric knowledge. Like molasses jaggery, their flavoring gives ‘hint’, but they become constrained in the choice of words. Apart from this, the scholar also has his own limits of intellect which are not helpful in accepting him.

Importance of Upanishads

In the Upanishads, the teachers have squeezed out their life-long experiences. For this reason, the importance of Upanishads has been accepted as paramount in world literature.
All thoughts and thoughts of life can prove to be meaningless, but a spiritual gift for the union of living and divine can never be meaningless. He is eternal, eternal and is the charioteer to the greatest goal of life. Just as Krishna did the work of charioteer for Arjuna in the Mahabharata , similarly, the Upanishads performed this great work for the people. He is the light, which has been incarnated by the rishis to remove the ignorant darkness of all humanity. That is why the importance of Upanishads is the best symbol of all welfare.