TCP / IP architecture . ( Addressing ) Communications has joined with computing creating a new science called Telematics , computer networks emerged in the 1980s in the US initially for the military , progress has been so broad that it has seeing the need to expand networks and find more efficient ways to interconnect and transmit information. IP addressing refers to the delivery of IP addresses to a company, business or other entity in such a way that each PC can be assigned an IP address.
Summary
[ hide ]
- 1 General
- 2 Components of IP addresses
- 3 Classes of Internet addresses
- 1 Class A
- 2 Class B
- 3 Class C
- 4 Class D
- 5 Class E
- 4 Special addresses
- 1 Private Addressing
- 5 RED Mask
- 6 IP addressing
- 1 Subnet Addressing
- 2 Addressing problems
- 7 Sources
Generalities
Host or PC identifiers are classified into:
- names: what an object is (preferred by humans)
- addresses: where is it (used by computers)
- routes: how to get to it (used by routers)
On the Internet , the term IP addresses is used. Each host to connect to the Internet and be recognized must have an associated IP address which is a 32- bit binary number . This 32-bit IP address is grouped in octets and is represented by 4 decimal numbers separated by points. Ex: 169.158.144.1 There are no two computers on the Internet with the same address, although the same computer can have more than one address (eg, a computer with more than one network card).
Components of IP addresses
The addresses consist of two parts:
- The first part of the address identifies the network. (red_ID).
- The second part identifies the host (Host_ID) within the network in question.
Internet Address Classes
Classes of addresses on the internet
Classes Internet addresses is a classification used to differentiate the different companies and organizations according to their size and size, this is done to allow assign subnets a given range of IP addresses, these IP addresses can be public or private.
A class
The first bit of the address is 0. The next 7 bits identify the network. The last 24 to the computer. The subnets are going to be in the range of [1 – 126]. x. x. x These addresses are used for large networks (with about 224 (16,777,216) hosts.
Classes A
Class B
The first two bits are 1 0. The next 14 bits identify the network. The next 16, the machines. 214 networks = 16,384 networks. Used for medium sized networks of up to 216 (65,536) hosts.
Class C
The first three bits are 110. The next 21 bits identify the network. The last 8 machines. 221 networks = 2’097,152 networks [192-223]. x. x. x Used for networks with few hosts 28 (max 254) hosts.
Class D
Used to define Groups of Hosts. (Multicast addresses)
Class e
Addresses reserved for later use.
Special addresses
The existence of the addresses is due to the need for identifiers in order to be able to route the packets through the network . Routing is more efficient if it is done using network addresses and not host addresses. IP addresses must be able to refer to both hosts and networks:
- An IP address whose hostid field equals zero refers to the network in question.
Example: 169.158.0.0
- When the host_id field is composed of only 1 it represents a directed broadcast.
- When all bits are at 1 it represents limited broadcast
- When all bits are zero, it represents “this host.”
- The loopback addressis: 127.0.0.1
Address used for TCP / IP testing and for communication of internal processes on a machine. The data returns to the source computer without generating traffic on any network. It is specified that: A packet sent to this network address should never appear on any network. A host or router should never broadcast routing or reachability information for network number 127, as it is not a network address.
Private Addressing
When we talk about private addressing, we refer to the numberings reserved for business networks, and not registered on the Internet.
They provide us with three blocks of IP addresses: Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 These addresses are for the entire internal network, in case we want a link with the outside we must assign to the routers (Router) public IP addresses, this does not mean that a privately addressed computer cannot interact publicly on the Internet.
RED mask
The mask is a 32-bit address that is used to indicate the bits of an Internet address that are being used for the network address. The function of the netmask is to tell network devices which part of an address is the network number, including the subnet, and which part is the host. The mask used in a class A network is of the form 255.0.0.0, class B 255.255.0.0 class C 255.255.255.0
Classes A
Classification of addresses: Internet address : identifier that each computer will have on the Internet. Network address: a range or zone of addresses to which information packets should be redirected or routed. Each computer needs to be configured with its Internet address and mask so that it can communicate on your network. To calculate the network address, it is necessary to perform a logical operation (AND) between the address of the computer and the mask. Only computers physically connected to this network, which have the same network address and mask , will be able to communicate with each other.
Ip address
A communication system provides universal communication service if it allows any host to communicate with any other host. This requires a method of identifying the hosts, connected to the system, that is globally accepted.
Subnet Addressing
It allows many physical networks to share the same network IP address. It allows an institution with multiple physical networks and a single network IP address to manage the IP addresses of the stations. Sometimes it is not necessary to use all the host addresses available in the class for a network, so the key idea is to divide the host part into two pieces: Host part = Subnet part + host part.
Classes A
Addressing problems
The IP address space is running out, the number of devices connected to the Internet has exploded in recent years (Not only hosts, servers and network devices, but mobile phones, personal agendas, … even microwaves !!!) .
The final solution will come with IPv6. Meanwhile we must look for other solutions over IPv4. Solutions on IPv4 Use of supernets and CIDR. The division of addresses into classes disappears: Classless InterDomain Routing) Use of private addresses and NAT (Network Address Translation) The idea is to have a set of “legal” or Public IP addresses and a set of private IP addresses.
The network access router must translate between private and “legal” IP addresses. It should be noted that private IP addresses are not routable.
TCP / IP architecture . ( Addressing ) Communications has joined with computing creating a new science called Telematics , computer networks emerged in the 1980s in the US initially for the military , progress has been so broad that it has seeing the need to expand networks and find more efficient ways to interconnect and transmit information. IP addressing refers to the delivery of IP addresses to a company, business or other entity in such a way that each PC can be assigned an IP address.
Summary
[ hide ]
- 1 General
- 2 Components of IP addresses
- 3 Classes of Internet addresses
- 1 Class A
- 2 Class B
- 3 Class C
- 4 Class D
- 5 Class E
- 4 Special addresses
- 1 Private Addressing
- 5 RED Mask
- 6 IP addressing
- 1 Subnet Addressing
- 2 Addressing problems
- 7 Sources
Generalities
Host or PC identifiers are classified into:
- names: what an object is (preferred by humans)
- addresses: where is it (used by computers)
- routes: how to get to it (used by routers)
On the Internet , the term IP addresses is used. Each host to connect to the Internet and be recognized must have an associated IP address which is a 32- bit binary number . This 32-bit IP address is grouped in octets and is represented by 4 decimal numbers separated by points. Ex: 169.158.144.1 There are no two computers on the Internet with the same address, although the same computer can have more than one address (eg, a computer with more than one network card).
Components of IP addresses
The addresses consist of two parts:
- The first part of the address identifies the network. (red_ID).
- The second part identifies the host (Host_ID) within the network in question.
Internet Address Classes
Classes of addresses on the internet
Classes Internet addresses is a classification used to differentiate the different companies and organizations according to their size and size, this is done to allow assign subnets a given range of IP addresses, these IP addresses can be public or private.
A class
The first bit of the address is 0. The next 7 bits identify the network. The last 24 to the computer. The subnets are going to be in the range of [1 – 126]. x. x. x These addresses are used for large networks (with about 224 (16,777,216) hosts.
Classes A
Class B
The first two bits are 1 0. The next 14 bits identify the network. The next 16, the machines. 214 networks = 16,384 networks. Used for medium sized networks of up to 216 (65,536) hosts.
Class C
The first three bits are 110. The next 21 bits identify the network. The last 8 machines. 221 networks = 2’097,152 networks [192-223]. x. x. x Used for networks with few hosts 28 (max 254) hosts.
Class D
Used to define Groups of Hosts. (Multicast addresses)
Class e
Addresses reserved for later use.
Special addresses
The existence of the addresses is due to the need for identifiers in order to be able to route the packets through the network . Routing is more efficient if it is done using network addresses and not host addresses. IP addresses must be able to refer to both hosts and networks:
- An IP address whose hostid field equals zero refers to the network in question.
Example: 169.158.0.0
- When the host_id field is composed of only 1 it represents a directed broadcast.
- When all bits are at 1 it represents limited broadcast
- When all bits are zero, it represents “this host.”
- The loopback addressis: 127.0.0.1
Address used for TCP / IP testing and for communication of internal processes on a machine. The data returns to the source computer without generating traffic on any network. It is specified that: A packet sent to this network address should never appear on any network. A host or router should never broadcast routing or reachability information for network number 127, as it is not a network address.
Private Addressing
When we talk about private addressing, we refer to the numberings reserved for business networks, and not registered on the Internet.
They provide us with three blocks of IP addresses: Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 These addresses are for the entire internal network, in case we want a link with the outside we must assign to the routers (Router) public IP addresses, this does not mean that a privately addressed computer cannot interact publicly on the Internet.
RED mask
The mask is a 32-bit address that is used to indicate the bits of an Internet address that are being used for the network address. The function of the netmask is to tell network devices which part of an address is the network number, including the subnet, and which part is the host. The mask used in a class A network is of the form 255.0.0.0, class B 255.255.0.0 class C 255.255.255.0
Classes A
Classification of addresses: Internet address : identifier that each computer will have on the Internet. Network address: a range or zone of addresses to which information packets should be redirected or routed. Each computer needs to be configured with its Internet address and mask so that it can communicate on your network. To calculate the network address, it is necessary to perform a logical operation (AND) between the address of the computer and the mask. Only computers physically connected to this network, which have the same network address and mask , will be able to communicate with each other.
Ip address
A communication system provides universal communication service if it allows any host to communicate with any other host. This requires a method of identifying the hosts, connected to the system, that is globally accepted.
Subnet Addressing
It allows many physical networks to share the same network IP address. It allows an institution with multiple physical networks and a single network IP address to manage the IP addresses of the stations. Sometimes it is not necessary to use all the host addresses available in the class for a network, so the key idea is to divide the host part into two pieces: Host part = Subnet part + host part.
Classes A
Addressing problems
The IP address space is running out, the number of devices connected to the Internet has exploded in recent years (Not only hosts, servers and network devices, but mobile phones, personal agendas, … even microwaves !!!) .
The final solution will come with IPv6. Meanwhile we must look for other solutions over IPv4. Solutions on IPv4 Use of supernets and CIDR. The division of addresses into classes disappears: Classless InterDomain Routing) Use of private addresses and NAT (Network Address Translation) The idea is to have a set of “legal” or Public IP addresses and a set of private IP addresses.
The network access router must translate between private and “legal” IP addresses. It should be noted that private IP addresses are not routable.
