Gravity . It is one of the four fundamental interactions. It causes the acceleration that an object experiences in the vicinity of an astronomical object. Also called gravitational force, force of gravity, gravitational interaction, or gravitation.
Summary
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- 1 Universal Gravitation Law
- 2 The static gravitational field responsible for the universal phenomenon of gravity
- 3 The rate of curvature configuration of a local spacetime region
- 4 Gravitational waves and their speed according to Einstein’s general relativity field equations
- 5 The radiation of the pulsars is really gravitational
- 6 Sources
Universal Gravitation Law
Isaac Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation states that the force exerted by a point particle with mass m1 on another with mass m2 is directly proportional to the product of the masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates them.
The static gravitational field responsible for the universal phenomenon of gravity
The static gravitational field is formulated in two configurations: the true static of general relativity that remains the same, as long as a cosmic cataclysm does not occur, because it is the space-time curvature of a local region and the apparent static of quantum physics , since which really is made up of virtual gravitons with speed, but because these gravitons exist within the uncertainty span they can never be detected and the gravitational field always seems the same. In the theory of general relativity, gravity is a phenomenon of the space-time curvature potential of a local region. Actually, there is no radiation between the linked bodies within a gravity relationship, in the same way that there is no radiation in the transmission of electric or magnetic force between electric charges at rest or in uniform rectilinear motion. Therefore, the gradient of the potential field of gravity, at any point in the gravitational field of the Solar System , points to the true position of the Sunand there is no speed of gravity. But, in the theory of quantum gravity, although the static field of gravity is also responsible for the phenomenon of universal gravitation, this phenomenon nevertheless results from the exchange of virtual gravitons between two or more interacting bodies and since the aberration is not detects the speed of the virtual graviton must exceed c, which is physically possible because the virtual graviton does not have an intrinsic mass, that is, according to the quadratic moment vector. However, relativistic physicists stop the speed of the graviton will be c. In 1998 the astronomer, mathematician and scientist Tom Van Flandern derived from the formulas of celestial mechanics an equation that apply to the orbit of the earthand by pressing binary PSR1534 + 12 and he obtained that the speed of gravity would be minimum 20 billion times c. Tom says: “If gravity is again taken as a force of nature propagating in flat space-time then the speed of propagation indicated by observation and experiments: is not less than 2 x 1010 c.” Tom has said that if the speed of gravity were c then it would be caused by the propagation of the static field the phenomenon of aberration and the orbits of the planets would be unstable. Tom’s contradictors say this was resolved by Faraday, Maxwell, and others. It is true that by discovering the field through which one distant body makes contact with another, 19th century physicists eliminated Newton’s remote action. But, it is also true, that it was the physicists of the 20th century who discovered the quantum field, made up of virtual particles if it is static and real particles when it is dynamic. And that it was in the Poynting-Robertson effect that it was established that action mediated through the field with finite speed causes orbital instability as Dr. Tom Van Flandern says.
The rate of curvature configuration of a local spacetime region
In general relativity, bodies inertially follow the geodesies of a given spacetime configuration. Einstein’s equation: Gab = 8 Л G / c2 Tab shows how the energy flowand momentum through a point in spacetime affects its curvature there. This equation does not apply to vacuum but also empty spacetime curves within a local region according to the gravitation of a Solar System. The speed at which this connection occurs would be denoting the velocity of the spacetime bending of a local region. This supposed velocity c was relevant during the formation of the solar system, possibly due to the fragmentation and gravitational collapse of a very gigantic interstellar dust and gas cloud, about 4.65 billion years ago and up to about 100 million years after the Solar system acquired an aspect similar to the current compound of the Sun, subregions of the planets and their moons, asteroids , comets, meteoroids , dust and interplanetary gas. During this period, the tetra-curved configurations of spacetime were formed, both in the local region and in its subregions, very similar to the configurations existing today. Also, it is the speed with which these curvatures are updated with the very smooth changes that are occurring in the energy flows and momentum within a local region due to the interaction of our solar system with the rest of the Universe, in the delivery processes. and I receive radiant energy, but that in terms of the Celestial Mechanics are not important.
Gravitational waves and their speed according to Einstein’s general relativity field equations
Albert Einstein considered the existence of gravity wave radiation by the gravitational dynamic field, which in the lowest order is proportional to the quadrupole moment of the mass-energy distribution of a local region. These gravitational waves are absolutely alien to the phenomenon of Universal gravitation. The speed of propagation of these gravitational waves, would be c, which has the endorsement of the community of relativistic scientists, who even calculate may be a little lower according to Professor Dr. Helmut Rechenberg , of the Max Planck Institute , in Munich , Germany
General relativity, in analogy with electromagnetic energy radiation where two electric or magnetic poles of equal magnitude, opposite sign or polarities are required and together within a very small space that induce oscillations forward backward from the poles, predicts that in pulsars Binary if the stars are tightly together they push each other and communicate an orbital oscillatory motion. But, while in electromagnetism the oscillation is symmetrical and the electromagnetic waves are spherical, in gravity gravitational waves like those of the sea are not, so asymmetric sources are required that at least constitute a double dipole system, called a quadrupole. This is the case of binary pulsars with ellipsoid shapes and / or elliptical orbits. In these pulsars with the variation of time, variations of the common center of mass of the system occur within the dipole, which produces a quadrupole, which gathers the energy relationship of four non-symmetrical angular moments of two masses. Gravitational radiation originates from the loss of mechanical energy, that is, kinetic and / or potential, during non-uniform accelerations produced in matter within the region. During gravitational radiation the mass of the particle does not change, from this assumption the possibility that the particle itself, or with its own energy, contributes to gravitational radiation is eliminated. The lost energy reappears in the induced undulations of the curvature of space-time. Due to the continuous nature of the space, energy is transported, from the sources, through the propagation of space-time disturbances, to asymptotic regions relative to the region where the waves are produced. The emission of these gravitational waves would cause some loss of the orbital angular momentum. Indeed, for P5R1913 + 16 the slight decay of the orbit is observed according to the Einsteinian prediction about such a gravitational emission, which constitutes the only indirect proof about its existence. These waves and their speed are expected to be established, in the near future, in the LIGO projects of Indeed, for P5R1913 + 16 the slight decay of the orbit is observed according to the Einsteinian prediction about such a gravitational emission, which constitutes the only indirect proof about its existence. These waves and their speed are expected to be established, in the near future, in the LIGO projects of Indeed, for P5R1913 + 16 the slight decay of the orbit is observed according to the Einsteinian prediction about such a gravitational emission, which constitutes the only indirect proof about its existence. These waves and their speed are expected to be established, in the near future, in the LIGO projects ofUnited States , GEO, from Germany , VIRGO, from Italy – France or TAMA from Japan .
Pulsation radiation is really gravitational
However, Dr. Tom Van Flandernhe believes that the waves radiated by binary pulsars are not gravitational waves but some form of electromagnetism. Tom and the author, in addition to other physical reasons, consider that the speed of gravitational waves is superluminal and not c, as a consequence of the quantitative differentiation that exists between qualitatively different phenomena. For the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, PSR B1913 + 16, its orbital decay rate coincides with that predicted by General Relativity although the value of this rat is actually above approximately 0.3% of the estimated value. In the General Relativity gravitational radiation estimation equations, the actual graviton with mass 0 is assumed to match the forecast exactly with the observed value. But when the orbital decay rats of the binary pulsars PSR B1913 + 16 and PSR B1534 + 12 are combined, it is obtained that the relativistic mass of the real graviton is not zero but maximum less than 1.35342 × 10−52 grams, with a 90 % confidence. This upper limit for the mass of the real graviton was calculated, in 2002, by Lee Samuel Finn and Patrick J. Sutton of the Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, of the State University of Pennsylvania, USA. This value of the assumed relativistic mass of the real graviton is very close to the value of the upper limit of the relativistic mass of the real photon which is less than 10-51 grams, according to its most recent calculation from 2003, made by Jun Luo and colleagues at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China.1997 , based on the observed parameters of the expansion of the Universe. Assuming that the true value of the mass of the real graviton is closed to that of the real photon, we have that the radiation of the binary stars is actually electromagnetic radiation, as Tom Van Flandern has argued. Of course, the verification of all the Relativity theses that have been tested fit in an impressive way with the results of the experiments, as happens with the prediction about gravitational radiation by a binary pulsar system, in particular in front of the pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 with an error of only 0.3%. But, it is also impressive that this error can lead to the rejection of the thesis that such radiation is gravitational.
