Swallowing disorders. This process involves several structures and stages, any of which is affected can result in a swallowing disorder called dysphagia .
Summary
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- 1 Stages of the swallowing process
- 2 Dysphasia
- 3 Types of Dysphasia
- 4 Symptoms and signs of Dysphagia
- 1 Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
- 2 Esophageal dysphagia
- 5 Causes that cause swallowing disorders
- 6 General diseases
- 7 Diseases of the esophagus
- 8 Diseases of the nervous system
- 9 Diagnosis
- 10 Treatment
- 11 sources
Stages of the swallowing process
In the swallowing process there is a specific correlation between the respiratory , swallowing and phonatory systems.
- Oral Stage:
It includes everything that happens in the individual’s mouth, even before the arrival of food. It presents three types of reflex, emotional and motor activity (fundamentally voluntary)
- Pharyngeal stage:
Involuntary, it is made up of multiple actions.
- Esophageal stage:
It begins once the bolus has passed the upper esophageal sphincter. Primary, secondary and tertiary waves are produced.
dysphasia
Difficulty swallowing may be the result of various diseases, including neurological diseases, as well as affecting different anatomical-physiological aspects of the transit of the food bolus.Odynophagia: Painful swallowing.
Types of Dysphasia
- According to its location: Oropharyngeal and Esophageal.
- According to its cause.
1-Mechanical (organic, due to an obstacle or narrowing in the lumen of the esophagus) 2-Motor (functional, generally due to motility disorders of the swallowing apparatus)
Symptoms and signs of Dysphagia
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
- chewing problems
- Difficulty in starting swallowing
- nasal regurgitation
- drooling
- Difficulty managing secretions
- Voice changes during or after meals
- Cough before, during, or after swallowing or choking episodes when eating
- Sensation of food stuck in the throat
- Eating at a rate slower than normal for the individual
- Complications: Dehydration, malnutrition with weight loss, laryngospasm, bronchospasm,
aspiration pneumonia and choking.
esophageal dysphagia
- The symptoms can be similar to the previous ones or be totally different
- Substernal or throat sensation
- Sensation of pressure in the anterior area of the chest
- Nocturnal awakening with cough (usually indicates gastroesophageal reflux, the refluxed material contains
gastric acid and can be perceived as a foreign body, in the larynx it can produce erythema in the cartilage causing dysphonia)
Causes that cause swallowing disorders
- general diseases
- diseases of the esophagus
- nervous system diseases
general diseases
- Local or diffuse candidiasis
- hypothyroidism
- Alcoholism
- Cytomegalovirus
- Diabetic neuropathy
- thyroid goiter
diseases of the esophagus
(Tables that affect the intrinsic plexuses and muscle)
- achalasia
- Diffuse esophageal spasm
- esophagus in nutcracker
nervous system diseases
1-Peripheral Nervous System
- Guillain barre
- Porphyria (veil and vocal cord paralysis)
- laryngeal nerve injury
- metabolic myopathies
- polymyositis dermatomyositis
- progressive muscular dystrophy
- Myasthenia gravis
2-Central Nervous System
- stroke
- tumors
- Progressive bulbar palsy
- trauma
- Parkinsonism
- seizures
- depression stupor and coma
- Malformation
- degenerative disorders
- Senile dementia
- Meningitis
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Diagnosis
- Clinical evaluation (anamnesis, clinical examination)
- Complementary
Treatment
- For human beings, food is a social and vital activity: meetings with friends, business meetings, romantic dates, New Year’s dinners.
1-Food
- Feed consistency
- postural management
- Schedule
- Stay seated for 15 to 20 minutes after each meal
- Correct and complete oral hygiene after meals
- Nasogastric tube
2- Muscular exercise program
- Includes: mouth, lips, tongue, larynx and pharynx
- Breathe in through your nose and vibrate your lips
- Hold objects with lips of different thicknesses, resist pulling
- Lateral and downward upper lip massage
- Kisses in different positions
- Inflate cheeks, exhale with cheek blows
- pinch your hand with your lips
- Lingual movements in the 4 directions
- Place the tongue between the upper and lower lips
- Tell him to chew his food well
- Massages on the anterior face of the lower surface of the chin and neck
- Temporomandibular joint massages, the patient opens and closes his mouth
3- Breathing exercises
4- Surgical treatment
- tumors
- Stenosis
- vocal cord paralysis
- Tracheotomy
