Paralympic Games . Official competitions in which people with physical, motor, hearing, mental and visual disabilities take part. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC), created in 1989 and based in the city of Bonn , Germany , is the world’s leading sports organization that organizes high-performance sports for disabled people.
Summary
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- 1 History
- 2 Etymology
- 3 Emergence in Cuba
- 1 First sports
- 2 First international events
- 3 ANCI
- 4 ANSOC
- 5 ACLIFIM
- 6 FCDRM
- 7 Sports that make up the association’s program
- 4 Cuba at the Paralympic games
- 5 Related Links
- 6 Sources
History
In 1948 , Mr. Ludwig Guttmann organized, in Atice Mandeville , in England , competitions in which he involved veterans of World War II and four years later the idea came to fruition at the initiative of the competitors from the Netherlands for the creation of an international movement. In this way the Olympic Games , for athletes with a disability, were born in Rome , Italy , in 1960 , in which 400 athletes from 23 nations participated.
The Paralympic Games have been held since 1960 : the first were held in the city of Rome and were held as summer games ; Since then, every four years and without interruption, they have been held, being the headquarters: Tokyo , Tel Aviv , Heidelberg , Toronto , Arnhem , New York and Seoul , in 1988 .
In 1989, the International Paralympic Committee was created , and the first major task was the organization of the Barcelona 1992 Games , and it was decided that they would be the same venues corresponding to the Olympic Games , taking place in: Atlanta 1996 , Sydney 2000 , Athens 2004 (where 3,806 athletes from 136 countries participated) and Beijing 2008 (with 4,000 athletes, representing 150 countries). Since 1988, the Winter Games have also been held.
Etymology
The word is formed with the Greek prefix PARA, which means proximity or similarity, that is, they are close, immediate to the Olympic Games ; although there are other versions that explain that the name is due to the participation of people with Paralysis or Paraplegia.
Emergence in Cuba
In 1956 the students of the Manuel Varona Suárez institution , founded in 1926 and which was the only school for the blind in the country, represented the campus at the National School Games of the time. Three blind athletes competed in athletics against sighted students from other schools, Bivilio Pousada reached gold in 100 m; Fernando Villarreal , silver and Juan Cancio, bronze. Only Bivilio Pousada went to the provincial, concluding with the silver medal; These competitions were held in the José Martí Park , in the capital of the country.
On another occasion, three members of that institution held an exhibition race with skates in 1960. They were Fernando year Villarreal, Pedro Villarreal and Juan Cancio Valdes.
Activities were developed in the teaching and game of chess, as well as board games, at that level.
The Espartaquiada de Ciegos takes place in 1965 in Czechoslovakia , with the participation of two student-athletes from Cuba, Juan Cancio Valdés and Carlos Ramírez , both competing in three events, long jump , 100 meter dash and 200 meter dash , achieving only a gold medal in the hectometer the first, and the second silver.
The 6 of January of 1969 Dr. Rodrigo Alvarez Cambras begins as director of the Hospital Frank País , which existed in what is now room C, paraplegics, also called room Mielíticos, with a total of 28 beds for paraplegics total or partial, of advanced state of physical impossibility.
With a group of physiotherapists who returned to the country, after completing studies in this specialty, as well as with several nurses who had taken similar courses, they began to perform physical and sports exercises in the hospital courtyard. These were the first steps.
In 1971 , the paraplegics moved to an adjoining residence that is the headquarters of the ORTOFORZA Physical Health and Recreation Center, and it was then called La Casona para Mielíticos, where the number of beds increased by eight. In that same year, sports practices began in the hospital parking areas, improving the surface for cycles, holding skills races, and installing a volleyball net and two basketball baskets . Álvarez Cambras, in addition to being director, attended the National Rehabilitation Group working together with Dr. Hugo Martínez Sánchez , who becomes director of the Julio Díaz hospital and secretary of the National Group ofRehabilitation .
Two colleagues join in the effort: Dr. Thais Ramos Parra , orthopedic surgeon, as classifier of the different degrees of paralysis according to international standards; and Deputy Head of Nursing Lucrecia Romero , a graduate of Rehabilitation in Nursing and Sports in the German Democratic Republic .
First sports
It begins with basketball and some specialties of throwing in athletics, practicing in the afternoons on the board of the La Lisa language school , near the hospital.
At that time the task of collaboration was introduced, receiving the support of the dear Celia Sánchez Manduley , who donated some sports equipment and ordered the construction of two Girón II buses, to which electric lifts were added at the back. , where athletes could get on sitting in wheelchairs.
Table tennis is added and preparation begins in several sports at the same time, shot put , javelin throw and 60 meter dash and 100 meter dash in Wheelchair .
In the Frank País workshops, the normal chairs began to be fitted, making them lighter, removing obstacles such as arms and safety straps. They join, sent by INDER , the trainers Nelson Martínez , of athletics; Rolando del Rey , archery , those who begin to organize the practices of each sport.
The athletics preparation had the cooperation of José Godoy ; In basketball, the counseling was given by the now-defunct sports coach Alejandro Urgellés and Mario Risita Quintero taught the technique and rules of the game.
First international events
In 1971, he attended Mexico for the first time, with a delegation of limited myelitic companions, to a Pan-American basketball competition, reaching a fifth place and a recognition cup. This delegation was chaired by doctors Álvarez Cambras, Hugo Martínez Sánchez, Thais Ramos Parras and the physiotherapist Juan C. Valdés. Shortly before, Celia had provided funds to purchase two Scapoleta-brand Italian wheelchairs. This allowed for sport-specific chairs and experience to modify those that were available.
In 1973 the Federation of Wheelchair Sports was created, with a view to holding meetings between patients throughout the country, its initiator and president being Dr. Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras. That same year, a Cuban delegation with limited physical-motor skills, with State funds and with the help of the then president of Peru , Velasco Alvarado, attended the IV Pan American Games for the first time, in Lima , Peru.. The margin to form a small group of seven athletes was only 45 days. In these games a sixth place in athletics and eighth in table tennis was obtained. Enthusiasm was noticeable in all participants, as well as character changes in those in which their physical impossibility came to traumatize them to some degree, as a greater disposition was observed for sports activities, work and life itself.
This experience was extended to the deaf , blind and visually impaired in 1974 . This growing sporting development is joined by coaches Oscar Hernández , who started with athletes in wheelchairs, later going on to train the blind and visually impaired; Tomás Trébol Rivero and Francisco González Pozo worked in the athletics and basketball area between 1974-1986, training several Paralympic athletes, with highly known results.
ANCI
The 19 of July of 1975 the Surge ANCI (National Association of the Blind), established by Resolution No. 67 of the Ministry of Justice, assuming the presidency Dr. Carlos Olivares, staying in office for 10 years. Since 1985 it is directed by the current president Amado González Landa.
The first meeting of wheelchair basketball is performed on 28 of January of 1976 , in salute to the birth of the Apostle José Martí , in the sports park that bears his name. There, rehabilitated patients competed at the Frank País and Julio Díaz hospitals. A statement was read by Ida H. Escalona on behalf of the athletes. The welcoming remarks were given by Dr. Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, director of the Frank País international orthopedic scientific complex and the National Center for Sports Trauma.
In that same year, Toronto , Canada , organizes the V Paralympic Games, adding other disabilities, forming various competitive groups. A small Cuban delegation, headed by Dr. Álvarez Cambras and Dr. Thais Ramos, attends these games; but it withdraws from the competition in solidarity with the African peoples, due to the participation of Apartheid South Africa.
In 1977 , the Cuban Federation of Physically-Motor Limited is created, registering it in the National Olympic Committee, and doctors Álvarez Cambras are appointed as president, and Hugo Martínez Sánchez secretary.
ANSOC
The ANSOC (National Association of the Deaf of Cuba) was founded on 3 of January of 1978 , by Resolution No. 1 of the Ministry of Justice, being elected president of the association, Ramón Pérez; subsequently developed several successors this function, and from August 18 to the 2003 directs March Alejandro Peña.
In October 1978 , INDER, led by Jorge García Bango , assumed responsibility for the Cuban Federation for the physically challenged and motorists, assisted in the body by Ulpiano Rodríguez Ordóñez, in the National Recreation Directorate.
ACLIFIM
The emergence of the Cuban Association of Physical – Motors (ACLIFIM) occurs the 14 of March of 1980 , through Resolution No. 42 of the Ministry of Justice, resulting as president Ida H. Escalona El Toro, a position he has held since then. In this initial stage, Dr. Valdés Mier, for the Ministry of Public Health, supported all the work of the newly created association.
FCDRM
The 23 of April of 1983 the FCDRM (Cuban Federation of Sports and Recreation for the Handicapped), founded by Decree Law 54 of the Ministry of Justice. Its current president is the two-time Montreal’76 Olympic champion, in the 400 and 800 m flat, Alberto Juantorena Danger, and three vice-presidents, who are the presidents of each of the aforementioned associations.
The Department of Sports for the Disabled was created in 1992 , a responsibility carried out by José M. Chang Milián; At the moment it is directed by Eduardo Montenegro Collazo, being in charge of the organization and preparation of the different sports disciplines, attended by specialists Roberto Panfet Caballero, at ACLIFIM; José M. Chang Milián, at the ANCI; and Antonio Núñez Verdecia, at ANSOC.
In 1993 , again the federation changed the name, replacing the word handicapped with disabled.
INDER, through its national and provincial structures and municipal methodologists, organize the sports activities that are part of the movement for the disabled, which allows reaching the most distant places.
Sports that make up the program of the associations
More than 15 sports make up the program of the three associations, slalom is not currently called, since the celebration of games by associations, which were held annually until 1999 , began to be developed together in 2000, in separate venues and by disciplines, taking into account the adequate conditions of the facilities for the best participation of the athletes, in the same way it is proceeded in the municipal and provincial competitions, of individual sports, cups by disciplines, marathons, recreational encounters, etc.
The same happens with the zonal championships of collective sports, all being qualifiers for the National Paralympics that are held every two years, which was based in the province of Santiago de Cuba in its first four editions, allowing to stimulate and maintain a greater incorporation discipline and disabled population in the meetings.
Cuba, as a member of the states that make up the United Nations , guarantees equal opportunities for people with disabilities, encourages and prioritizes sport, allocating the means, facilities and adequate organization of such activities.
In the 1980s it was extended to the mentally disabled, developing throughout the country an extensive program with participation abroad in the World Summer and Winter Games, in which a large number of medals were obtained in addition to good performances.
