Neo-Nazism . The term Nazi is a short form of the German Nationalsozialismus; the ideology was institutionalized in the National Socialist German Workers Party (PNSAT), in German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), also known as the Nazi party.
The Third Reich is the period and is used as a synonym for Nazi Germany. The term was introduced by Nazi propaganda, which counted the Holy Roman Empire as the first Reich, the German Empire of 1871 as the second, and his own regime as the third.
This was done to suggest a glorious return of the former Germany after the Weimar Republic established in 1919 and which, however, was never officially dissolved by the new regime.
The Nazi party sought to combine traditional symbols of Germany with symbols of the Nazi party in an effort to reinforce the idea of unity between its ideals and Germany.
Summary
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- 1 History
- 2 Symbology
- 3 Culture
- 4 Europe
- 1 Germany
- 2 Spain
- 5 Latin America
- 1 Argentina
- 2 Chile
- 3 Colombia
- 6 Sources
History
The historical roots of neo-Nazism are found in the various provisions taken before the definitive defeat of the Third Reich to save significant sums of money with which to protect some Nazi hierarchs, who would also have the opportunity to reorganize the movement.
After the war and with the German defeat, the task of evacuating Nazi hierarchies was channeled mainly through two secret organizations, ODESSA and Die Spinne (‘the spider’ in German). It has been pointed out that the mastermind and main animator of neo-Nazism at the international level was former SS officer and former leader of the Hitler Youth Karl Heinz Priester .
At least since the 1950s there have been attempts to internationalize the various neo-Nazi groups, such as the ill-fated Wiesbaden meeting , organized by Priester , where it was tried that approximately 800 organizations, from five continents, lay the foundations of an organization to planetary scale.
After Priester’s death, and his files being confiscated by the German authorities, it was found that different organizations had been working for a long time in the organization of a “brown, racist and anti-Semitic international”, and its fruits were organizations such as the European Social Movement (also called the International of Malmoe), founded by Priester himself together with the French Maurice Bardèches , the English Mosley , the Italian Marsanich and the Swedish Per Engdhal , and one of the first attempts to internationalize neo-fascism.
Symbology
They usually use symbols such as the swastika , the Celtic cross , runes and symbols of the Afrikaners, the Ku Klux Klan or the SS. [1] It is common to use non-understandable language, such as the use of the number 88, which, being the eighth letter of the alphabet, acquires the meaning of Heil Hitler !. In addition to this number, various codes are commonly used by neo-Nazis, such as 18NS ( Adolf Hitler National Socialist) 14 words (we must ensure the existence of our race and a future for our white children, an allusion to the propaganda of the white supremacist David Lane) 14/88 (the fourteen words plus the 88 postulates of David Lane) or WOTAN (In English: Will Of The Aryan Nation, translated as The Will of the Aryan Nation; which also refers to the god of the same name).
Culture
The far-right ideology stopped being a marginal phenomenon to place itself in the center of society. Neo-Nazism has become the dominant culture in some regions of eastern Germany, said, in an interview with Clarín, the sociologist Bernd Wagner , a former official of the criminal police of the former communist Germany, who has devoted himself to investigating the phenomenon. neo-Nazi.
The rise of the far right in last Sunday’s elections in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, where it won 13 percent of the vote, was not a surprise, Wagner said. The voters of the neo-Nazi German People’s Union (DVU) are young people and also people over fifty years of age, who by voting for the extreme right protested against social decomposition.
Wagner was fired in 1988 from the special body of investigations he led in former communist Germany for exaggerating in his reports on the extreme right. In an anti-fascist socialist state there could be no officially registered Nazis. After German reunification, Wagner, 42, continued to investigate the phenomenon and founded the Center for Democratic Culture in Berlin .
To understand why neo-Nazism has become a dominant culture, it must be explained that in some regions of eastern Germany, at the age of 12 or 13, young people must decide whether to belong to the left or the extreme right. And the latter has a terrible attraction. He questions the whole system, despises democracy and offers a new vision. They are neighborhoods, social spaces occupied by neo-Nazis, where they are the normative power.
It is more than anything a psychosocial phenomenon. Not that there are places with a sign at the entrance that warns that enemies such as foreigners cannot pass. But most likely those enemies will be attacked, that’s why they don’t come close. And the neighborhoods are thus freed by fear.
The extreme right is today the dominant culture of broad layers of society, affecting not only skinheads but also the football coach or the neighborhood shopkeeper. It encompasses heterogeneous social layers that become homogeneous in basic ideological positions, such as rejection of democracy or contempt for foreigners.-Politicians consider the growth of the right in Sunday’s elections as a protest vote.-I think it is a very poor and flawed analysis.
There is much more than votes to protest unemployment or social decline. And I think that the problem is not solved only by taking up the issues of the extreme right, such as internal security or politics on foreigners.
It is difficult, but what can be done is to work on democratic concepts in cities. Give people more voice and ask what we can all do together. And also reduce the neo-Nazi range of action, with more police control.
Europe
Germany
In Germany there are various neo-Nazi political parties and movements with little public impact, which continue to spread the ideology of the racial supremacy of the Aryan or white race. The best known of all is the National Democratic Party , (NPD-Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands), which in 2007 has 9 parliamentary representatives, out of a total of 124 MPs in the Saxony region .
In its government program, the NPD argues that “the foundation of German society is the German family, that Germany must once again belong to the Germans, that a people without a past has no future, that the powers of the Police, that military service is a great honor, and that Germany is much larger than the territory it currently covers. ”
The NPD constantly holds public demonstrations, among other things, demanding that the Nuremberg Process, where the Allied countries defeated Germany at the end of World War II and condemned some of the Nazi leaders responsible for the Holocaust , be reviewed . Neo-Nazi parties and groups continue to maintain their policy of rejecting foreigners, mainly those who are not white, and demanding their expulsion from German lands. They often commit serious attacks against people who do not have white skin, especially on the territory of the former German Democratic Republic .
According to the balance of the German Interior Ministry, during 2006 neo-Nazis committed 12,238 crimes in the country, including 726 violent attacks and 8,738 propaganda actions. As a legal party, the NPD is also financed among other sources with the tax money of all taxpayers in Germany. In addition to the NPD, there are other small parties or political initiatives that spread neo-Nazi ideology, such as the DVU (German People’s Union), the German Republican Party , or the Stop Foreigners Initiative that operates in the city of Nuremberg. There that Initiative achieved in 2005win a seat from the 70 that the municipal parliament has [citation needed]. In the city of Nuremberg, as well as in most German cities, there is a very great rejection of the thought and actions of neo-Nazi parties. Between 2004 and 2006 the mayor of Nuremberg and president of the Municipal Parliament, Ulrich Maly , led several massive demonstrations against the NPD, and stated that in Nuremberg there is no space for Nazi ideology, which must be rejected as totalitarian, undemocratic and racist.
Many representatives of Democratic political parties and civil society entities have demanded since 2004 that the NPD be declared illegal and that its public demonstrations be banned. The display of Nazi symbols (swastika, the runes of the SS …) is totally prohibited in all German territory.
During the months of March and May 2009 , the NDP (nationalist-democratic-popular) party was approved in the German senate, which has generated controversy in all German political sectors, 54 votes against 38 the party was approved, which uses part of the foundations of Hitler’s national-socialism . The news has generated riots throughout Germany , between neo-Nazis and antifascist groups (SHARP, RASH, Antifascist Action …) in all this time. The party has 7 senators in the senate chamber.
Spain
Neo-Nazis in Spain tend to stand out in the big football matches, where the most radical fans of each team tend to impregnate themselves with skinhead paraphernalia and openly support the national-socialist movement. The ones that stand out the most in Spain are: Ultras Sur ( Real Madrid ), Frente Atlético ( Atlético de Madrid ), Supporters Gol Sur (Real Betis Balompié), Boixos Nois (Barça), Ultra Yomus ( Valencia CF) and Brigadas Blanquiazules (Espanyol) .
They also usually have symbolic dates, such as November 20 , the day of the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco . The Valley of the Fallen , a monument erected by Franco, is a very valuable symbol for the extreme right. According to a study [required citation] of the newspaper ABC, black people are those who have suffered the most attacks by neo-Nazi groups, followed by Maghreb and Ecuadorians, although they have also caused deaths among antifascist groups, the most serious on 11 November of 2007 , when a young 16 year old Spaniard, Carlos Palomino, was killed with a hunting knife in Legazpi Station (Madrid).
This seems to indicate that despite strong nationalist sentiment, neo-Nazi groups may come to accept people from other countries, who are white, who speak Spanish and who have a culture very similar to Spanish. Neo-Nazi groups tend to be divided into two types: violent and operating on the street; and politicians, more serious groups, that although they do not usually commit violent acts, they are strongly intertwined with violent groups. In Spain, the role of cultural organizations such as CEDADE and its current heirs of the CEI (Circle of Indo-European Studies) is paradigmatic.
Latin America
In this region, neo-Nazi movements are present in almost all countries where there is at least one white minority. Neo-Nazis exist in countries where the population of European origin predominates, as well as in countries with a predominance of mestizo, and even in countries where indigenous people constitute the majority of the population. However, the membership of these groups is very minority and variable, without their numbers coinciding with the proportion of the white population. In a predominantly mestizo country, for example, the affiliation or public activities of these groups may even be greater than those of those groups in a predominantly white country.
Argentina
In Argentina the most important movement was the New Triumph Party , chaired by Alejandro Biondini . Some years ago he was forced by the courts to abandon the use of the swastika as a symbol and was later denied party status due to his National Socialist ideology. However, they have presented deputies to legislative elections in Buenos Aires , agreeing with another nationalist party (but not neo-Nazi).
Chile
From the first years of the emergence of National Socialism in Germany various collectives were founded, mainly among the community of German descent. The National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCH) was the first national-socialist party created out of the European Germanic area. This movement captivated a large part of the nationalist groups of the time, ceasing to be a group with a colonial reaffirmation character to be a movement of national character, in which citizens of diverse ancestry participated, among which the Chilean descendant of Germans Jorge stood out. González von Marées, leader of the MSNCH.
In the early 1960s, the National Socialist Workers Party was founded by the Chilean Franz Pfeiffer Richter . Heir to all that political current and the mystique of national-socialism, the writer Miguel Serrano stands out, one of the most representative figures of the so-called Nazi occultism. During the last years, diverse groups framed within the historical national-socialism have appeared, such as the Patria Nueva Sociedad party, founded by Alexis López Tapia .
Also noteworthy are a large number of groups formed by neo-Nazi skinheads, mainly in the cities of Valparaíso, Santiago and those in the south of the country, being protagonists of acts of violence against groups of people considered from their point of view as “undesirable factors for society ”(Immigrants, transsexuals, homosexuals, rappers, punks, drug addicts, sympathizers of the left or thieves).
They base their acts of violence and segregation with the defense of patriotic and Christian values, which they affirm that they have been threatened by globalization and sexual pluralism. Furthermore, in recent years this issue has been raised by the death of two young punks at the hands of groups that called themselves Nazi-skinheads, the intimidation of some schoolchildren in taking during the Penguin Revolution and the attack on immigrants. . Faced with this situation, the Carabineros de Chile have created an intelligence body to analyze the situation and dismantle these illegal organizations. According to the government parties, around 350 neo-Nazi groups currently operate in Chile.
Colombia
Founded in May 1989 , they are primarily known as the Third Force or Third Reich. They call themselves a non-violent organization, but they have been involved in several altercations on public roads (in the city of Bogotá ), with members of leftist and anti-racist organizations. On the one hand, the death of Luis Felipe Toquita (Third Force militant) stands out, who was allegedly assassinated by Freddy Alexander Ramírez (skinhead of the left-wing organization RASH), who was absolved for this act. On the other hand, the recent violent attacks by Third Force denounced by Jaime Caicedo Zurriago (member of the Alternative Democratic Pole) stand out.) against leftist militants.
In some marches they have been seen using White Pride symbols referring to white racial supremacy, racism and xenophobia which has been recognized worldwide for a strong anti-Semitic charge and in rejection of LGBT members and organizations. There is a record that in Bogotá, on several occasions from Rock al Parque or concerts by artists of the genres they like, they attack when they cannot enter or attitudes of that type.
