Morphologies

In biology, morphology is the discipline in charge of studying the reproduction and structure of an organism or system. Morphology is a biological science that deals with the form and reproductions of organic beings.

Morphology history

Background

  • Aristotle , Parts of Animals

Transcendental morphology

  • Goethe
  • British pre-Darwinian morphology: Martin Barry , William Carpenter , Rudolf Leuckart .

Evolutionary morphology

Between 1865 and 1885 the second epoch of transcendental morphology takes place. Morphologists then had a much more developed technique, but conceptually it was a much less rich time than the previous one. Russell divides this epoch into two sub-periods:

  • The first corresponds to the phylogenetic speculations of Alexander Kovalevsky , Anton Dohrn, and Semper . Within this period, we can distinguish two approaches, depending on whether evolutionary speculations were based on embryological or anatomical data, which gave rise to two theories on the origin of vertebrates in the 1970s: the first, defended by Haeckel and Kovalevsky ( continuing Rathke’s work), he argued that the ancestor of vertebrates must have been similar to an ascidian larva; the second, defended by Dohrn and Semper, conceived of a segmented annelid ancestor.
  • The second period is marked by the influence of the germ layer theory on phylogenetic analysis : the Gastraea (Haeckel) and Celoma theory.
  • Thomas Huxley , Ray Lankester and Francis Balfour .
  • William Bateson
  • Carl Gegenbaur , Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie (Elements of Comparative Anatomy).
  • Oxford morphologists: Edwin Stephen Goodrich , Julian Huxley , Gavin de Beer .
  • Hermann Braus
  • Ivan I. Schmalhausen , Factors of Evolution (1949).
  • David M. Raup

Key concepts in morphology

Gegenbaur: homology between previous members (1870).

  • Allometry
  • Body plan
  • Homology
  • Morphospace
  • Modularity
  • Symmetry : radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry
  • Segmentation
  • I deal with the form of biological beings and their transformations
  • ((Treatment of families according to the species of their race))

 

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