Reasoning involves the process of deriving logical consequences and the process of drawing conclusions / conclusions from a series of statements or assertions.
Elements and Structures of Reasoning
The structure and process of reasoning are based on three important concepts, namely:
- Assertion,a statement (usually positive) which confirms that something (such as a theory) is true. Assertions have a dual function in reasoning, namely as elements forming arguments and as beliefs generated by reasoning (in the form of conclusions).
- Confidence,is the level of willingness to accept a statement or theory (explanation) regarding a phenomenon or phenomenon (natural or social) is true.
- Argument,is a series of assertions along with their relationship (articulation) and inference or inference that is used to support a belief. In this case argument is the most important element because it is used to form, maintain, or change a belief.
Type of Assertions
Assertions can be classified into:
- Assumptions,are assertions that are believed to be true even though people cannot submit or show convincing evidence of their truth.
- Hypothesisis an assertion whose truth is not yet known but it is believed that the truth of the assertion can be tested. In order to be called a hypothesis, an assertion must also contain the possibility of being false, because if the assertion is true it will become a statement of fact.
- Statement of fact,is an assertion in which the evidence for the truth is believed to be very strong or even incontrovertible.
Argument Type
The arguments can be classified as follows:
- Deductive arguments, or logical arguments, are arguments whose conclusive assertions are implied or can be derived from other assertions put forward.
- Inductive argument , this argument is more as an argument with a point. However, in this argument the conclusion is not always true even though both premises are true.
Evidence is something that provides a rational basis for consideration ( judgment ) to establish the truth of a statement ( to establish the truth ). In terms of accounting theory, judgment is needed to determine the relevance or effectiveness of an accounting treatment to achieve accounting objectives.
The confidence that someone gets because of the strength or weakness of the argument is separate from the problem of whether the statement believed to be true ( true) or false ( false ). It is possible for someone to hold firm belief in something that is wrong or vice versa, reject a statement that is true (valid).
Confidence Properties
An understanding of the multiple prosperity (traits) of beliefs is very important in achieving a successful argument. The following are the prosperity of beliefs that need to be realized in arguing: truthfulness, not opinion, graded, biased, value-loaded, powerful, veridical (the level of conformity of belief with reality), and affinity (flexibility of belief relates to whether the belief is easily changed in the presence of relevant information. ).
Fallacy
Ignorance is an error in accepting an assertion that is in fact persuaded and embraced by many people when it shouldn’t.
False Reason
Reasoning errors can occur if inferences are not based on valid reasoning rules. Although wrong reasoning can be used as a strategy (approaches or ways to influence people’s beliefs in ways other than proposing valid or plausible arguments), it is not appropriate for excellent reasoning rules to be rejected simply because arguments are often misused.
The Human Aspect of Reasoning
In terms of human reasoning, it is not always rational and willing to argue, meanwhile, not all assertions can be objectively and thoroughly determined.
Rationality demands an explanation in accordance with the facts. However, in reality a strong desire for an explanation often leaves one satisfied with the simple explanation that is first offered, so that he no longer tries to carefully evaluate the feasibility of the explanation and compare it with alternative explanations.
When a decision has been made even though the decision contains errors, then people tend to rationalize, no longer an argument to support the decision. Because of tradition or interests, people often persist against beliefs that are proven wrong.
