The European imperialism in Africa took place during the nineteenth century.
Until 1876, 10.8% of African territory was in possession of colonizers. In 1900, the European dominance corresponded to 90.4%.
At first, European exploitation was spread along the coast, with strong trading posts that guaranteed the slave trade. The first large-scale domination started with France and Great Britain.
Africa’s riches went to industrialized countries
France occupied Algeria in 1832, Tunisia in 1881 and then Morocco. Thus, French West Africa was created.
For its part, with the same intention of territorial expansion, Great Britain took possession of Egypt in 1882, Sudan and southern Africa.
In 1876, the king of Belgium, Leopoldo II, dominated the entire current area of Congo. The region came under the personal rule of the monarch until 1908, when it was sold to the government of Belgium and was eighty times the size of the dominant country.
See also: Imperialism
Reasons
Among the reasons for European domination were African natural wealth. The territory was lush in precious stones, vegetable and mineral raw materials.
Politics and War
As strategies for domination, political negotiations, military and religious maneuvers were used.
For political negotiations, tribal chiefs made trade deals with Europeans. These carried products from the land while supplying weapons to Africans.
In order to expand the territory, Europeans themselves allied themselves with tribes and participated in the wars between them. Thus, they guaranteed more land and powerful allies.
See also: Imperialism and Colonialism
Religion and Ideology
The Christian religion reinforced the idea of inferiority among those regions where polytheism was practiced. There, missionaries demonized customs and gods, and conquered minds as well.
Racial theories, such as social Darwinism and the myth of the white man’s burden, underpinned the exploitation of Africa’s natural wealth. The argument was supported by the thesis that Africans were “barbarians” and needed the European’s contribution to achieve the same degree of civilization.
See also: Rainha Vitória
Sharing Africa
The peak of imperialism would come in 1885, with the agreement sealed at the Berlin Conference , which guaranteed commercial freedom for all countries in certain areas. Likewise, the meeting served to determine the borders of African territory.
After the Berlin Conference, Africa was divided into 50 states. The terms of the agreement did not respect traditional ethnic divisions and had a catastrophic impact on nations.
It is for this reason that, even today, some countries remain under ethnic rivalry that causes civil wars and extreme poverty.
The sharing of Africa is also among the justifications for the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918). Unhappy with the division and with no more territories to conquer, the great powers disagreed and demanded a review of the sharing.
See also: Sharing Africa
Neocolonialism
Yesterday and today. Methods change, but conditions do not
After the process of African decolonization , the former imperialist nations sought to continue with a special relationship with these countries.
Although it is a relationship between sovereign states, many scholars see it as a new model of exploitation and that is why they call it neocolonialism .
- Britain brought together almost all of its former colonies in the Commonwealth. Its inhabitants have preferential treatment when emigrating and when selling their products.
- France created the principle of Francophone that encompasses all French-speaking countries and thus can promote a linguistic and cultural exchange. In addition, the country stimulated immigration from these countries in the 1970s when it needed labor for its industries.
- Portugal still maintains special political ties with Angola and, to some extent, with Mozambique. Through PALOP (African Portuguese Speaking Countries), cultural and linguistic cooperation is maintained.
- Belgium has no special ties to Congo and Rwanda, and relations between these countries are extremely delicate.
- Spain maintains some enclaves and islands in the Moroccan territory that is always a cause for dispute between the two nations.
However, European nations are increasingly losing space to China, which in the 21st century has become the largest partner of African nations.
