Antitoxin : Antibody that is formed in the body as a result of the introduction of a certain toxin and serves to subsequently neutralize further attacks of the same toxin. The antitoxin is produced by cells of the body in response to a stimulus conducted by a toxin, being specific to the toxin has started its formation. An antitoxin is an antibodyA special or group of antibodies that have the ability to neutralize a toxin, which is produced only by living organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. With these highly condensed antibodies, so-called antisera are prepared. The first antitoxin was developed in 1890 from a specific type of diphtheria. Today, antitoxins are also used in the treatment of botulism, dysentery, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
Summary
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- 1 Antitoxin production
- 2 Tetanus antitoxin
- 1 The tetanus toxoid
- 2 Tetanus antitoxin
- 3 Source
Antitoxin production
Certain animals are used to generate antitoxins. For example, horses are injected with a certain toxic substance and the amount is gradually increased. This does not harm the animal in any way. Instead, the horse produces the corresponding antibodies that can be passed to people to create what is known as passive immunity against the toxin used.
Tetanus antitoxin
Tetanus toxoid
Tetanus vaccines are based on tetanus toxoid. The conventional vaccine manufacturing process involves cultivating toxin strains of C. tetani in a liquid medium that favors the production of the toxin, the extraction of the toxin by filtration, its detoxification with formaldehyde, and various stages of purification and sterilization. To increase its immunogenicity, the toxoid is adsorbed on aluminum or calcium salts. The adsorbed tetanus toxoid is administered by intramuscular injection. The tetanus toxoid is stable and can withstand exposure to a temperature of approximately 20 ° C for months and storage at 37 ° C for a few weeks without experiencing significant loss of potency. However, if exposed to a temperature of 56 ° C, the vaccine is destroyed within two hours. Vaccines containing tetanus toxoid should be stored at +4 (2–8) ° C; Those that have been frozen should not be used. The potency of the toxoid is expressed in international units of protection (IU) and is evaluated by determining the survival rate of immunized guinea pigs or mice after exposure to the tetanus toxin. According to WHO requirements, the potency of tetanus toxoid in a monovalent vaccine should not be less than 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs or mice) per dose (0.5 ml), and should be at least 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (determined in mice) per dose when used in vaccines in which the tetanus toxoid is combined with whole cell antitussive and diphtheria components. Those that have been frozen should not be used. The potency of the toxoid is expressed in international units of protection (IU) and is evaluated by determining the survival rate of immunized guinea pigs or mice after exposure to the tetanus toxin. According to WHO requirements, the potency of tetanus toxoid in a monovalent vaccine should not be less than 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs or mice) per dose (0.5 ml), and should be at least 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (determined in mice) per dose when used in vaccines in which the tetanus toxoid is combined with whole cell antitussive and diphtheria components. Those that have been frozen should not be used. The potency of the toxoid is expressed in international units of protection (IU) and is evaluated by determining the survival rate of guinea pigs or immunized mice after exposure to the tetanus toxin. According to WHO requirements, the potency of tetanus toxoid in a monovalent vaccine should not be less than 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs or mice) per dose (0.5 ml), and should be at least 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (determined in mice) per dose when used in vaccines in which the tetanus toxoid is combined with whole cell antitussive and diphtheria components. The potency of the toxoid is expressed in international units of protection (IU) and is evaluated by determining the survival rate of guinea pigs or immunized mice after exposure to the tetanus toxin. According to WHO requirements, the potency of tetanus toxoid in a monovalent vaccine should not be less than 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs or mice) per dose (0.5 ml), and should be at least 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (determined in mice) per dose when used in vaccines in which the tetanus toxoid is combined with whole cell antitussive and diphtheria components. The potency of the toxoid is expressed in international units of protection (IU) and is evaluated by determining the survival rate of immunized guinea pigs or mice after exposure to the tetanus toxin. According to WHO requirements, the potency of tetanus toxoid in a monovalent vaccine should not be less than 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs or mice) per dose (0.5 ml), and should be at least 40 IU (determined in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (determined in mice) per dose when used in vaccines in which the tetanus toxoid is combined with whole cell antitussive and diphtheria components.
Tetanus antitoxin
Protection against tetanus is antibody dependent and can only be achieved through active ( tetanus vaccine ) or passive immunization ( specific tetanus immunoglobulin ). Tetanus vaccines are based on tetanus toxoid, a modified neurotoxin that induces the formation of a protective antitoxin. The immunized mother transfers the antitoxin to the fetus through the placenta, thereby avoiding neonatal tetanus. There are several types of vaccines that contain tetanus toxoid: those that only contain tetanus toxoid (TT), those that also contain diphtheria toxoid, either in normal dose (DT) or in low dose (dT) and combined vaccines against tetanus.tetanus , diphtheria, and whooping cough (DTwP, DTaP, dTaP, or dTap). DT vaccines are given to children under the age of seven and DTs are given to all persons aged seven years and over. In general, when giving tetanus vaccine is indicated, combination vaccines containing diphtheria toxoid (OD) should be used in addition to tetanus, rather than vaccines containing only tetanus toxoid.
