The maps are used to graphically represent the territory to provide guiding information on aspects such as location, limits, geographical features, etc. We registered a total of 17 types of maps that we have grouped as follows:
- Maps according to territorial breadth;
- geographic maps;
- Maps that record human intervention in the geographical space.
Let us know what they consist of and what their main characteristics are.
Types of maps according to territorial amplitude
When speaking of types of maps according to territorial breadth, we refer to the basic forms of maps, which serve as the basis for different uses. Let’s see.
Planisphere or world map
First strip: Mercator projection and Hammer-Aitov projection. Second strip: Mercator projection with 20 ° meridian bands and projection centered on the Pacific Ocean. Third strip: projection centered on the Atlantic Ocean and Fuller’s projection or Dymaxion map.
World map literally means world map. Its essential feature is to provide information on the general geography of the entire planet Earth, including the territorial platforms and the oceans.
World maps often warp Earth’s proportions because of the difficulties of representing Earth’s roundness on a two-dimensional surface. Therefore, over the years cartographers have proposed various ways to solve this problem, which has given rise to the so-called planispheres.
Models that represent both hemispheres of the Earth in a single plane and that claim to respect the proportions of the Earth’s surface according to the meridians are called planisphere .
Continental map
Continental map of europe
Continental maps are characterized by representing a specific continent. These can offer information about its conformation, limits or any other element that you want to highlight.
Types of geographic maps
Geographical maps are those that provide specific information on the physical characteristics of the territory, be it a land or marine platform. In other words, its center of interest is in the geography itself, regardless of human activity.
Physical map
Physical maps are characterized by not attending to the separations between borders, since their main objective is to map the land relief, geological formations or any alteration of the Earth’s surface. They record, for example, the presence of mountain ranges, valleys or volcanoes.
See also What is a map?
Hydrographic map
The main characteristic of hydrographic maps is the representation of all the water sources in a given area. They include seas, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, basins, wells, etc.
Bathymetric map
Barimetric map of the vicinity of the Puerto Rico trench
The barometric map is related to the hydrographic map. However, instead of recording the water channels at the surface level, it is characterized by studying those accidents found in the depths. That is, this type of map represents the underwater depth, and has the sea level as a reference point.
Orthophotomap
It refers to the maps that are built from an orthorectified aerial photograph, which is made with a photogrammetric camera that allows registering and correcting the real scale of the photographed terrain, avoiding distortions of the camera angle. They are usually taken from an airplane and, currently, with the help of drones.
Topographic map
Topographic map of Mexico
Topographic maps are those that focus on the representation of the Earth’s surface. Although in this sense they resemble physical maps, topographic maps are specialized and are characterized by giving rigorously detailed information on the topography of the mapped region.
Geological map
Geological map of the Andean zone
The geological chart or geological map focuses on the representation of the soil and subsoil of the mapped area. It takes into account the representation of rocks and geological formations, their age and the transformations undergone over time. For example, this type of map usually displays seismic faults.
Soil Map
Soil map with soil types in Uruguay, 2001
It is a type of map that provides specialized information on soil types, their biological, chemical, and physical attributes, as well as limitations. This type of map allows identifying possible processes such as desertification or contamination, among others. It takes as a reference the world base of the soil resource of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Climate Map
Climate maps are those that focus on the representation of the behavior of the climate in the study area: indicators of temperature, humidity, orientation of the winds, etc. It can include signs of representation of the flora and fauna of the place when necessary.
Rain gauge map
The pluviometric maps represent the rainfall of the area, that is, they graphically record the behavior of rainfall, its frequency and characteristics.
Types of map according to human activity
There is a type of map that, based on basic cartography, whether global, regional or local, allows a record of human activity within the geographic space. This type of map has as its center of interest the understanding of political, economic and social phenomena in relation to space. Let’s see some of them.
Political map
World political map
Political maps are those whose function is to represent the territorial limits between regions that constitute a political or administrative unit, regardless of whether they are borders between countries, states, regions or municipalities.
Spain political map
In other words, the political maps are those that express how the territorial administration is distributed and its limits. For this reason, the essential characteristic of the political map is the graphic representation of the territorial borders . Borders are imaginary lines established by human beings to delimit the administration of a territory.
Demographic map
Demographic map of Brazil
Demographic maps show the concentration or density of the population within a given territory. This allows obtaining information on how the rural and urban population is distributed, where the largest population is concentrated, etc.
Linguistic map
World linguistic map
They can be thought of as a subcategory of demographic maps. Linguistic maps provide information on the use of languages or accents within a territory.
Economic map
Cattle map of Colombia
Economic maps are those that account for the economic activities of a given region. Economic maps linked to the exploitation of land resources, that is, oriented to obtaining raw materials or diverse resources, are particularly important.
Historical map
Historical map of Columbus’ travels to America
Historical maps are those that represent events from the past to help the researcher find his way. They are very useful for understanding historical phenomena such as migrations, the history of economic routes, invasion processes, the expansion of historical actors, etc.
Urban map
Urban maps are those that provide graphic information about the design of the city. It can include many elements depending on its function. For example:
- map of the main routes (roads and transport networks),
- administrative divition,
- points of tourist interest,
- points of general public interest (hospitals, government entities, schools, firefighters, etc.).
