Before we discuss Traditional Democratic Theory,You Must Understand first These important points.You must Understand The Real meaning of Democracy.Democracy needs to be grown, maintained, and respected by every citizen. Each country has its own characteristics in the implementation of popular sovereignty or democracy. This is determined by the history of the country concerned, its culture, way of life, and the goals it wants to achieve.
Traditional Democratic Theory And How Its Work
- There is deeper meaning enshrined in ‘tradition’ which has become oblivious in the modern world.
- Traditional social institutions, in principle, are effectively attached to a traditional doctrine.
- Democracy means ‘rule by the people.’
- Individualism rejects both supra-individual order and the supra-rational order
- Democracy is based on three questionable operational axioms: majority opinion, equality and freedom.^
- Tradition simply teaches that each individual should realize the possibilities of his own individual nature.
The word tradition is derived from a Latin word, which means “that which is transmitted.” It can be both oral and written. The term covers a wide range of subjects. In its ordinary sense, tradition stands for customs, beliefs and conventions inherited from the past. However, there is deeper meaning enshrined in this term which has become oblivious in the modern world. From the metaphysical point of view, tradition is attached to a doctrine which belongs to an intellectual order. Generally, the doctrine is metaphysical or religious.
Traditional social institutions, in principle, are effectively attached to a traditional doctrine. It is this attachment which essentially differentiates them from modern social institutions.The emergence of the Greek civilization was point of departure from the traditional civilizations including those of Egypt, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Persia and India. The Greek or Hellenic civilization had certain amount of originality but it was essentially a fall from the intellectual order, this fall consisted in three main aspect:
First, the universal concepts were Individualized. Second, the intellectual was displaced by the rational. Third, the metaphysical point of view was eclipsed by the scientific or philosophical one.The Greek passed on these constrictions to posterity.
Rene Guenon aptly remarks: “It is as if the Greek, at a moment when they were about to disappear from history, wished to avenge themselves for their own incomprehension by imposing on a whole section of mankind the limitations of their own mental horizon. When the Reformation also came to add its influence to that of the Renaissance, with which it was perhaps not altogether unconnected, then the fundamental tendencies of the modern world took definite shape.
Do you Know,Why The Traditional Democratic Theory Wins Public
Thales, of Miletus, was the first Greek philosopher who discarded the mythological and supernatural explanations in his study of the universe and substituted a scientific or philosophical approach to the problem. Behind the multiplicity of the universe ge searched for a principle of unity. He could not appreciate that tradition was qualitatively different from mythology and super naturalism and in the absence of tradition one could never find the real principle of unity. The per-Socratic philosophers had no inkling of traditional cosmology, thus they went on repeating the same essential mistake till the emergence of the Sophists who degenerated further in discarding the very idea of studying the nature of the universe.
They concentrated on the study of man and declared both knowledge and ethics. But, in. the absence of traditional knowledge, his differentiation between individual opinion and rational conceptualization essentially remained nominal. The supremacy of individual or human reason cut the tidings of tradition. It was in this profane climate that democracy was born in the ancient Greek city state of Athens which is the ancestral abode of the modern democratic states. The birth of democracy meant the elimination of traditional hierarchy and the instauration of the false idols of majority opinion, equality and freedom.
It was a direct democracy or purified one with the underlying institution of jury which purified Athens of Socrates preached reason but without the light of intellect reason remains groping in the dark. Thus, in a sense, Socrates died at his own hands. At a later stage, the Athenians wanted to confer the same honor on Plato but he ran away from Athens saying that he did not want the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy.
History is replete with such notable examples where democracies have destroyed many an individuals. It is this leveling process punctuated with the law of averages and mediocrity which defines the mood of the modern man. Our criticism of democracy and its allied forms is not to strengthen the case of its adversities for both democratic and anti-democratic forms are essentially the same since they are poised on the
- What is democracy? Democracy is a term which is derived from the Greek words, demos (people) and krateein (to rule). It means ‘rule by the people.’ Direct democracy in the process of development has come to assume a representative character. Whether it is a majority rule or a proportional representation, the will of the voters remains supreme. Once the will of the voters is accepted as supreme, it amounts to the negation of the principle and the reversal of the hierarchical order.
- It is obvious that the people which they do not themselves possess; true power can only come from above and this is why, be it said in passing, it can only be legitimized through the sanction of something superior to the social order, that is to say by a spiritual authority; where things are otherwise, one has nothings but a counterfeit of power, existing in actual fact but unjustified through an absence of principle, a state which can spell nothing but disorder and confusion. This reversal of hierarchical order occurs as soon as the temporal power tries to render itself independent of the spiritual authority and then to subordinate it to itself while professing o make it serve political ends; this is the initial usurpation which opens up the way to all the others.’
- Individualism rejects both supra-individual order and the supra-rational order and thereby the corresponding spiritual authority. Individualism leads to division and multiplicity and in the absence of unity there is discord, divergence and disunion. Unfortunately, the latter day representatives of the Semitic religions, for instance, fell prey to this brute individualism.
- Even the ignorant and the incompetent stood to interpret the Scriptures on the basis of their private judgments based solely upon the exercise of human reason…and the result was what was to be expected: dispersion in an ever-increasing number of sects, each one standing for no more than the private opinions of a few individuals,’ Protestantism, theocracy and modernism are essentially the same in that they create dispersion, division and multiplicity by ascribing to the pseudo-principle of private judgment.
- It is only by dint of the traditional or intellectual authority of the elite that real unity can be achieved.Democracy is based on three questionable operational axioms: majority opinion, equality and freedom. The notion of universal consent or the idea that majority should prevail can never become a criterion of truth for even granting that there might be a question upon which all men happened to agree; that agreement would prove nothing in itself.’ Agreement is the manifestation opinion and it may have nothing to do with truth. The distinction between opinion and knowledge is not created for in the very concept of democracy.
- Democracy installs opinion instead of knowledge for it is easy to manufacture opinion thereby creating the illusion of universal suffrage. The opinion of the majority cannot claim competence for itself, since numerical strength is no guarantee of truth. The democratic conception excludes all genuine competence, since competence always will imply at least a relative superiority and therefore must necessarily belong to a minority.
- Democracy by eliminating the concept of traditional hierarchy propagates a false notion of equality. It errs in its idea that any one individual should be accounted the same as any other, simply because they are numerically equal and in spite of the fact that they can never and equal other than numerically. A genuine elite…cannot be anything but an intellectual one; this explains why democracy is only able to install itself where intellectualism has ceased to exist, and its power or rather its authority, which it derives from its intellectual superiority alone, has nothing is common with that numerical strength which forms the basis of democracy and of which the inherent nature is to sacrifice the minority to the majority and, also, for that very reason, quality to quantity and therefore, the elite to the masses.’ The principle of equality has no appreciation of the true elite.
- It ends up in creating false elites based upon regard for certain pre-eminently relative and contingent points of superiority, always of an exclusively material order.’ Further, the notion of equality coupled with the idea of freedom dupes the people to choose any profession of their choice in utter disregard of their individual natures. It not only creates anarchy in a society but deprives the younger generation of its ancestral wisdom. People choose against their individual natures and generally fail to realize the possibilities of their existence. The absence of a tradition is, in fact, the absence of a generation from its true vocation.
Traditional Democratic Theory;features.
Traditional democratic theory is a foundational concept in political science that highlights the principles and features of democracy. Though the exact definition of democracy and its criteria can differ based on the perspective of various scholars, some common features associated with traditional democratic theory include:
- Popular Sovereignty: The principle that the power of a state is derived from its people. In a democracy, the people are the ultimate source of authority and any exercise of political power should be based on their will.
- Majority Rule: Decisions are typically made by a majority of voters. However, this principle is balanced with the rights of minorities to ensure that the majority cannot infringe upon the rights of individuals or minority groups.
- Political Equality: All citizens have equal rights in the democratic process, which typically includes the right to vote, the right to run for public office, and equal protection under the law.
- Political Freedom: This includes civil liberties such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion. Citizens should be able to freely express their views without fear of repression.
- Pluralism: A democracy recognizes and allows for multiple interests, groups, and parties to coexist and compete. This ensures that power isn’t concentrated and that different viewpoints are represented.
- Rule of Law: Everyone, including officials and the governing elite, is subject to the law. This ensures that the exercise of political power is checked and doesn’t turn into arbitrary rule.
- Participation: An active and informed citizenry is key. A hallmark of democracy is widespread political participation, whether that be through voting, public discourse, or other forms of civic engagement.
- Transparency and Accountability: Elected officials and institutions are accountable to the public and must operate transparently. Citizens should have access to information about governmental operations and decision-making processes.
- Regular, Free, and Fair Elections: Citizens have the right to change their representatives and leaders through periodic elections. These elections should be free from fraud and manipulation.
- Responsive Governance: The government should be responsive to the needs and desires of its citizens, making adjustments and reforms based on the public’s feedback and demands.
- Protection of Minority Rights: While majority rule is a cornerstone of democracy, safeguarding the rights of minorities is equally important to prevent the “tyranny of the majority.” Democracies ensure that minority groups have a voice and their rights are protected