Hitler and Nazism: history, ideology and meaning

Adolf Hitler: summary of the life and history of the man who upset Germany in the twentieth century and established the Nazi regime

You have to know

• First World War: causes, chronology, battles, protagonists

What you will learn

• Who Hitler was and how he came to power
• What is Mein Kampf and what are the key concepts of which the work is full
• What were Hitler’s plans for Germany and the rest of Europe

INDEX

1. Hitler and Nazism
2. Who was Adolf Hitler?
3. The ‘brewery putsch’
4. Mein Kampf – My battle
5. The climb to power
6. The Third Reich
7. Economy and consensus
8. A new imperialism
9. Watch the video on Operation Vachiria: the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944
10. Key concepts

Infobox

Who

Adolf Hitler

When

April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945

Political movement

Nazism

Titles and offices

Dictator of Germany

Historical events

Second World War

Famous phrase

“There is only rebellion and hatred, hate and more hate”

1Hitler and Nazism

The Nazis has been called a political system totalitarian , which means that the Nazi Party and its leader, Adolf Hitler , managed to dominate in complete and total way German society, its politics , its culture, l ‘ economy , as well as the life (and as we shall see also the death) of the Germans: an absolute domination which since 1933 constitutes one of the greatest challenges to democracy and liberalism . What Nazism wanted was the death of every theory , of every free thought. The will of its charismatic leader, Adolf Hitler, was the only inspiration of the Germans in Nazi Germany . The Nazism was inspired by fascism , proposing and revising many elements of the fascist model, but taking them to the consequences of extreme . Ultimately, what Adolf Hitler (and therefore Nazism ) wanted more than anything else was the elimination of all enemies of the ‘ Aryan ‘ people .

2Who was Adolf Hitler?

Photo by Adolf Hitler – Source: Ansa

The Hilter family and the boy’s problematic relationship with schoolAdolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Braunau , an Austrian town. His father Alois was an employee, his mother Klara came from a humble peasant family. At the age of 15 he was rejected and decided to leave school . Three years later, at eighteen, he also loses his mother and moves to Vienna, where he tries to enroll in the Academy of Fine Arts and a faculty of architecture, but both institutions reject him . He will earn his living for a while as a painter and decorator.

The approach to politics and the disappointment for the First World WarAt this point the budding dictator begins to take an interest in music , but also in more concrete things, such as politics , approaching ideas at the time of great fashion such as anti-Semitism , racism , and techniques of mass manipulation . In 1912 he is in Munich: he will work for a while as a worker, and at the outbreak of the First World War he enlisted as a volunteer with the German army with the rank of corporal, distinguishing himself for a while, until in 1916 he was wounded in the battle of the Somme . In 1918 he was almost blinded in battle by a lethal gas, mustard gas: when Germany surrendered, Hitlerhe is in hospital, in the throes of severe depression . He is increasingly convinced that Germany has lost due to internal treason, of which the main culprits were the socialists and the Jews , and for this reason he decides to give himself definitively to politics.

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World War I

The construction of the National Socialist Party of German WorkersHis first contact with the German Workers’ Party , an anti-Semitic and nationalist formation, was in 1919: with them Hitler began to develop skills as a great speaker , denouncing the injustice of the Treaty of Versailles .
Hitler was becoming a real sensation : in order to hear him speak, a good number of Germans joined his party. A party that was evolving quickly: in 1921 it changed its name, and is now officially the NSDAP, the National Socialist Party of German Workers – in other words the Nazi party, which already recognized Hitler.as a leader. In a Germany in dire economic conditions, in 1923, the party already had 56,000 members , and many supporters.

3The ‘brewery putsch’

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The march on Rome

An undertaking inspired by the March on RomeBetween 8 and 9 November 1923 Hitler , who at the time greatly admired Mussolini , tried to involve the Bavarian government in an enterprise inspired by the March on Rome : the Munich putsch . The attempt is also remembered as Brewery Putsch, essentially because it started from a huge brewery located in the center of the Bavarian city, where a rally by Gustav von Kahr, an old reactionary politician, was taking place. Hitler’s plan was simple: enter the brewery during the rally, stir up the crowd , occupy the palaces of power, and then march to Berlin. with the support of the army, von Kahr himself and the police force.

A failed attemptHitler was sure of the support of Ludendorff , a rather influential First World War general , but not that of von Kahr , nor could he trust law enforcement at the time . Followed by about twenty followers, he attempts the feat anyway, breaking into the brewery with a gun, shouting and proclaiming the beginning of a ‘ national revolution ‘. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Nazis the next morning march towards the Bavarian defense ministry, but are stopped by policemen in a fire fight : there are some dead, 4 policemen and 16 Nazis.

Photos of Hitler and Mussolini – Source: Ansa

The charge of high treason and imprisonmentHitler is in trouble: not only has his shoulder dislocated, but he is also wanted for treason . He takes refuge in a friend’s house for a while, but is soon found and arrested . At the trial the accusation is quite serious: high treason. But the trial is also an excellent theater for Hitler’s rallies , who will speak personally in defense of himself. Everything he says gets printed in the newspapers, and his popularity in the process increases. Eventually he will get away with a relatively light sentence: five years in prison , moreover in a relatively comfortable prison. This is Hitlerit will actually stay for less than a year, during which time it will be able to receive visitors and respond to letters from its admirers. In this year, Hitler will also have plenty of time to write , with the help of Rudolf Hess , the Mein Kampf , “my battle”.

4Mein Kampf – My battle

A copy of the first edition of Mein Kampf – Source: Ansa

The success of Mein Kampf and the reduced sentenceThe original title of Mein Kampf was supposed to be much longer: ” Four and a half years of fighting lies, stupidity and cowardice “. The publisher, a former fellow soldier of Hitler , will convince him, for ‘marketing’ reasons, to adopt a more concise and functional title: “my battle”. The book also enjoyed some success outside the circle of members of the Nazi party , making Hitler even more famous: somehow, the contents managed to make a hold on the Germans . The Mein Kampf will be released in 1925 – eight years before Hitlerwill come to power. Meanwhile, at the end of 1924, the future dictator had been released early thanks to an amnesty .

Learn more

Herbert Kappler and the Second World War: biography and history of the Nazi criminal

Hitler’s plans for GermanyBut what was written in Mein Kampf ? Essentially, the book outlined Hitler ‘s ideology and his future plans for Germany . The most important element was the need to colonize other countries, as the Germanic people ( volk ) needed living space (l ebensraum ) where they could thrive without being contaminated by other races. The Jewish people , on the other hand, were for Hitler a people of parasites, which infested those spaces that belonged by right to other peoples: to support these theses, Hitler does not hesitate tofake and conspiratorial material , such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Another enemy to fight, then, were the socialists and the communists , because their ideas denied concepts such as class and nation, two founding elements of National Socialism . The German expansion profiled by Hitler should have been directed eastward , because to the east was the enemy, communist and Asian. Only in this way would a ‘new European order’ be achieved, naturally marked by German supremacy .

The Jews were never nomads, but always and only parasites.

Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

5The climb to power

Notes

The 1929 crisis and the great depression

The economic and political crisis of GermanyThe crisis of 1929 had halved German industrial production, created 6 million unemployed , and worried savers: divided on the way to improve the situation, the social democratic government resigned in 1930. The new government of centrist Heinrich Brüning, devoid of a majority, aims to contain the public debt, without however solving the problems of the poorer classes. Brüning sees the Nazis as allies to use when needed. As for the left, the Social Democrats (voted by the organized workers) and the Communists (voted by the unemployed) were more divided than ever.. Some aimed at safeguarding democracy, while others aimed directly at the revolution.

Right-wing alternatives to HitlerThe Nazi party was not the only right-wing formation that was rapidly gaining support in Weimar Republic Germany . The German National Popular Party (DNVP) was the main alternative to Hitler : it was a formation hostile to the Weimar constitution , the labor movement and democracy, but lacking the novelty elements that made Nazism unique. Together with important personalities of the army, the People’s Party was under the illusion of being able to exploit Hitler , underestimating his uniqueness and capabilities.

The ingredients of the success of the Nazi PartyBut what was it that made the Nazi party so effective and so unique? Their strengths were essentially four:

• Acting according to the law
  From the failed experience of the Putsch, Hitlerhad learned a few things: in a mass society, power was not won by force, but with the consent of the masses, and moreover, to secure the support of the powers already consolidated, it was necessary to act, at least in appearance, according to the rules. For this reason, in 1928 and 1930 the Nazi party regularly ran for elections, obtaining first 2%, and then 24.5%.
• A paramilitary and violent organization
  The Nazis accompanied ‘legalitarian’ tactics with systematic political violence and a paramilitary and hierarchical organization, largely inspired by Italian fascism. Students, farmers, doctors, women : there was a Nazi organization for each of these categories, each with its own uniform and its own regulations. From 1921, then, there were Nazi paramilitary organizations such as the SA (‘shock troops’), mainly engaged in acts of violence against communists and socialists, or such as the SS (Schulz Staffen, ‘protection squads’), which they initially constitute Hitler ‘s bodyguard. All these organizations framed young people in a perspective of racial purity, and through systematic violence contributed to making the atmosphere in Germany increasingly heavy and tense. It was Adolf Hitler , the Führer (‘boss’), the only one who could control these organizations. Not the state, the army or the police.
• Propaganda
  Joseph Goebbels, a graduate in philosophy and head of the Nazi party district in Berlin, understands the importance of new communicationtechnologies . His will be an impressive work of propaganda, of construction of the myth of the Führer, of impressive mass choreography and public events capable of deeply affecting the emotions of the Germans. Above all, Goebbels makes the most of new media for mass communication, especially radio. In 1933 Goebbels explicitly had the ‘people’s receiver’ designed, a portable radio for sale at bargain prices. The Germans will ironically baptize it ‘the mouth of Goebbels’, and it will have a very important role in spreading the Nazi propaganda in a profound way.
• The charisma of the leader
  Hitler wasable to make the people love him not for his abilities, not for his blood, but because he manages to enter into a direct relationship with the mass through rhetoric , propaganda, emotions and sets. Nazi propaganda was illustrated in Mein Kampf , and nationalism is the propaganda key that will ensure Hitler ‘s success: at the end of the First World War Germany had been humiliated, and Hitler was the bearer of a message and a policy that embodied the need. of revenge of the Germans.

Photo by Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels – Source: Ansa

The new elections and the victory of the Nazi Party: Hitler is the new German chancellorThese elements guarantee Nazism a success that goes beyond the middle classes , and which also manages to affect workers, peasants and the unemployed. After the success of 1930, entrepreneurs, aristocrats and state officials also began to notice Nazism . In 1931 Hitler meets with the head of the National Popular Party, but a fundamental dissent remains between the two forces: Hitler wants to overthrow power , the National People are only aiming for an authoritarian turn. In 1932 there are the presidential elections, and the national popular candidate wins, also supported by the Social Democrats: both hope to contain Hitler. The Social Democrats are soon excluded from parliament , and go to the opposition. There are new elections: this time the Nazis are the first party , with 37% of the votes. In reality they had lost consensus, but their opponents, deeply divided, do not know how to take advantage of it: with the support of the industrialists, the economic powers, and the army, Hitler was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, almost 10 years after the putsch of the brewery.

6The Third Reich

The steps towards the Nazi dictatorshipIn just 6 months, the Nazis managed to establish a dictatorship based on their party , excluding all the others from power:

• February 1, 1933: Parliament dissolved
• February 4, 1933: newspapers and assemblies bannedin case of danger to public safety
• February 27: Reichstag fire, parliament building in Berlin. The Communists are blamed : one of them, the young worker Marinus van der Lubbe, will be guillotined for treason, but it is an excellent pretext to arrest the main exponents of the Communist Party and further limit freedoms :
• February 28: given the situation, a new decree suppresses the freedom of the press , opinion and associations(constitutional rights) – the central government could now control the postal and telephone communications of citizens.
• In March there are new elections, the NSDAP is at 44%, and Hitlermust form a coalition government with the popular nationals. On the 21st of the month, a public demonstration celebrates order and peace, while Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, opens the first of many concentration camps for political opponents in Dachau . In practice it is an independent prison with respect to the laws and the state, entirely managed by the Nazis .

One of the mass manifestations of Nazism during the Third Reich – Source: Ansa

The full powers of HitlerWith the arrest of the communist deputies and many social democrats, the new parliament has the necessary majority to pass a law that gives full powers to the government , which from now on can legislate contrary to the constitution and manage international politics. The powers of the chancellor ( Adolf Hitler ) overlap with those of the president of the republic .
The Nazi party , at this point, can insert its men in all German institutions, public and private. Workers’ parties and trade unions are dissolved, the movements of the Center are dissolved, Jews are expelled from the management of companies, and industrial associations submit to the regime: they had nothing more to fear from the unions.

Bücherverbrennungen, the burning of booksIn May 1933 the works of some of the most illustrious exponents of German culture of the last two centuries were burned , in a rite with a medieval flavor , designed by Goebbels, now also absolute master of the press. On 6 July, the ‘ Nazi revolution ‘ ended and parties were banned shortly after : the only recognized party is the Nazi one, which now coincides with the state itself.

The demilitarization of the SAA phase of pacification follows : the most radical elements of Nazism , such as the SA, wanted to take sides against the industrialists and the big economy. To reassure the ‘strong powers’, Hitler removes all military recognition from the SA . The German armed forces remain the only recognized military element in Germany, at the same time excluding Jews and adopting the swastika , formerly a symbol of Nazism , as its emblem.

Paul von Hindenburg, president of Germany from 1925 to 1934 – Source: Ansa

The assassination of the SA and several of Hitler’s political rivalsOn June 30, 1934, most of the leaders of the SA were assassinated along with members of Catholic Action and many other rivals of Hitler . The pretext is that of a coup that the SA are organizing, the victims are about 200, and another thousand people are arrested. This real settling of scores was especially desired by the leaders of the SS and the army, who thus began an intense collaboration. Ironically, given that the SA were guilty of harassment and organized violence, the population sees this episode as a liberation .

The death of the President of the Republic: Hitler and unlimited powerIn August 1934 the president of the Hindenburg republic died , and Hitler took office: his power is now limitless , being at the same time head of state, government and armed forces. Everything is ratified by a plebiscite.

The enemies of Nazism and the desire to increase the Aryan raceHitler’s rule is based on a conception of state designed exclusively for racially pure and rule-abiding citizens . Not only political opponents and Jews do not fall into these categories , but also homosexuals , common criminals and vagabonds , Jehovah’s Witnesses , gypsies and more generally the ‘ anti-social ‘, the different. All the others enjoy subsidies aimed at the demographic increase: women are encouraged not to work and to procreate, which at the same time excludes them from political rights (such as voting rights) and civil rights, preventing them from studying and making a career.

Concentration camp in Poland – Source: Loop

Jews: Hitler’s main political targetOf course, the main target of Nazi persecutions are the Jews , a large community (nearly 10% of the population) and relatively wealthy. A law that prevented Jews from working in the state administration, universities, hospitals, courts and even the world of art dates back to 7 April 1933 . On the other hand, the Nuremberg laws , which prohibit marriage between ‘Aryans’ and Jews, date back to 1935 . All non-Germans are excluded from the right of citizenship, and Jews are deprived of any civil rights .

The night of the crystals and the beginning of mass persecutionThe transition from civil discrimination to mass persecution is marked by the so-called night of crystals (9-10 November 1938), in which 200 synagogues are set on fire, 91 Jews murdered and thousands of shops looted by an angry mob. The name ‘crystal night’ refers to the broken windows , and the triggering event was the murder of a German diplomat by a young Polish Jew: the first reprisals are unleashed by plainclothes members of the SS and SA , while the police are required not to intervene. For the regime press it will be a spontaneous popular demonstration . After this pogrom , approximately 26,000 Jews are interned inconcentration camps : the new goal is to expel Jews from the country making their lives impossible. Before the start of the Second World War , more than half a million Jews emigrated from Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland, accompanied by many political opponents. Some of them are among the greatest minds of the twentieth century , such as Einstein , the philosopher Cassirer, the writer Thomas Mann or the director Fritz Lang.

The extermination camp in Auschwitz – Source: Ansa

From concentration camps to extermination campsWith the outbreak of the war (1 September 1939), and the progressive annexation of new territories, the Jewish population increases, and a real policy of mass extermination begins to be applied . Only from this moment in the concentration camps, where before then people died of starvation anyway, will structures expressly dedicated to killing people in a systematic and standardized way be used. On September 1, 1939, Hitler also signed an order authorizing medical euthanasia , which resulted in the murder of physically and mentally handicapped Germans in hospices specially created by the SS. In 1941, SS personnel would be transferred to extermination camps set up in Polish territory (one of which in Auschwitz).

7Economy and consensus

Learn more

Weimar Republic: History, Government and Constitution

Creating new jobsWith the advent of Nazism in government, Germany was still a country marked by very serious unemployment and inflation . To remedy the public debt, 5 billion marks are allocated in order to create jobs, in particular in the construction sector (public and private) and in the military industry. These policies will cause a sharp decline in unemployment , from 5.5 million in 1932 to 1.5 in 1936.

An economy based on the production of weaponsThe main means of creating jobs is rearmament : the economy of Nazi Germany is clearly directed towards the production of weapons. On the other hand, there are no significant reforms from the point of view of agriculture , apart from the protection of small property .

War: the only way to total self-sufficiencyThe objective of the regime was total self-sufficiency (autarky), which led the Germans to have to replace their first consumption goods (such as butter) with cheaper substitutes (such as margarine). At the end of 1938 the German economy was in deficit , and the only alternative to making deals with other countries was war .

The descent of unemployment and the paramilitary structure in which the workers were framedBy 1938, on the other hand, unemployment had almost disappeared. The trade unions had been replaced by the German Labor Front , which did not negotiate favorable conditions for the workers, but rather framed them in a paramilitary structure : in this way, for example, the working day was lengthened. This did not prevent the industrialists and the state from keeping prices low for consumer products, restoring the purchasing power of the Germans to acceptable levels. The companies guaranteed green areas , summer camps for employees’ children and hot mealsin the canteen (all new, moreover, introduced in the years of the Weimar Republic). If the holidays increased, the workers’ free time was managed by the state, which organized sporting events and film shows.

Joseph Goebbels during the filming of a Nazi propaganda film – Source: Ansa

The incessant and pervasive propagandaResta celebrates the work of Leni Riefenstahl , a former actress who made propaganda films that are still considered artistically valid today. One of these, The Triumph of the Will , achieved thanks to massive government funding, and awarded in both Europe and the United States, documents a 1934 Nazi party congress in Nuremberg, still giving us a rather disturbing impression of Nazi triumphalism. In short, all areas of escapism and entertainment were dominated by propaganda : an essential factor for the construction of a mass consensus, which in Germany will never see significant movements of popular resistance, indeed earning thesilence-assent of some high-profile intellectuals of the time, such as the composer Richard Strauss or the philosopher Martin Heidegger .

Adolf Hitler shakes hands with the Catholic bishop Ludwig Muller during the National Socialist Congress held in Nuremberg in 1934 – Source: Ansa

The relationship with religionThe Protestant religious authorities, while distancing themselves from Nazism , shared its project with a view to fighting communism , while the Catholic Church, while condemning Nazism before 1933, signed a concordat with the regime in July 1933 (the Vatican is among the first to recognize Nazi Germany in this way). However, Nazism tended to violate the autonomy of all confessions, also through a certain insistence on neo-pagan myths linked to the Germanic people and the Aryan race.

In short, the regime had penetrated deeply into a population that tended not only to remain subjugated, but to fully identify with the Führer .

8A new imperialism

A policy based on aggressive imperialismAt the basis of the Nazi program, as well as at the basis of the German consensus, there was also a foreign policy founded on an aggressive imperialism , which went to satisfy that need for revenge that dated back to the end of the First World War .

The exit from the League of Nations and Hitler’s desire to unite all the Germans of EuropeIn October 1933, Germany left the League of Nations : it was evident that the regime was counting on force, rather than diplomacy, to question the Peace of Versailles. Despite this, bilateral agreements are signed with the Soviet Union and with Poland. Another goal of Hitler was to include all Germans of Europe in Nazi Germany : a first attempt to annex Austria failed in 1934, while in 1935 the Saar, a western region rich in coal occupied by the British and the French, was annexed. through a plebiscite.

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The Second World War

The annexation of the surrounding territories, the invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the Second World WarThe Nazi’s energetic rearmament policy also openly violated the Treaty of Versailles: at a meeting in 1937 Hitler presented to ministers his plan to start a war the following year in order to annex Austria and Czechoslovakia to Germany . Opponents of this policy, members of the old conservative establishment, are turned away. The country had by now transformed into an effective ‘war machine’: in 1938 Austria and the Sudetenland were annexed, in 1939 Bohemia and Moravia, Czechoslovakian territories. On September 1 of the same year, Nazi Germany invades Poland and unleashes the Second World War .

For us it is clear that the war can only end with the liquidation of the Aryan populations or with the disappearance of Judaism from Europe.

Adolf Hitler

9Watch the video on Operation Vachiria: the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944

Key concepts

·                                 Adolf Hitler

• Hitlerwas born in Austria in 1889
• At 18 he is in Austria, is not admitted to schools, works as an artist and draftsman, begins to take an interest in politics
• In 1912 he goes to Munich, works as a construction worker
• In 1914 he enlisted with the German army
• In 1916 wounded at the Somme, in 1918 almost blinded by mustard gas
• In 1919 he joined the German Workers’ Party. In his speeches he speaks of anti-Semitism and denounces the Treaty of Versailles
• By 1921 Hitleris now a recognized speaker and party leader, now the National Socialist Party of German Workers (Nazi party)

·                                 The Munich putsch

• In 1923, on the night between 8 and 9 November, the Nazi party attempted the Munichputsch
• The putschis blocked by the police, Hitler is arrested a few days later
• Hitleris sentenced for treason to five years, but the trial, much followed by the newspapers, will be an opportunity for him to gain other supporters
• During the sentence, which will last only a year thanks to an amnesty, Hitlerwrites the Mein Kampf

·                                 The rise to power

• The effects of the 1929 crisisin Germany are devastating: inflation and unemployment are skyrocketing
• In 1930, the centrist government of Heinrich Brüning begins to dialogue with the subversive right (in particular with the Nazis)
• The forces of the left are divided, those of the right cannot compete with Nazism
• Strengths of the NSDAP (Nazi party):
  1. formal legality;
  2. paramilitary organization, organized violence;
  3. innovative propaganda;
  4. Hitler’scharismatic power
• In the presidential elections of 1932, popular nationals seem to prevail
• With the consent of industrialists, economic powers and the army, Hitlerwas Chancellor on January 30, 1933

·                                 The Third Reich, racism and the outbreak of war

• In a few months, in 1933, the Nazis succeeded in establishing a complete dictatorship, all powers were concentrated in the person of Adolf Hitler, all opposition reduced to silence. On 6 July the Nazi ‘revolution’ is declared over
• On June 30, with the night of the long knives, a bloody showdown eliminates the SA cadres and numerous other opponents and competitors
• The first law of discrimination against Jews is of April 7, 1933. In 1935 the Nuremberg laws will deprive Jews of civil rights
• The night of the crystals (9-10 November 1938) will mark the beginning of the mass persecution of Jews
• With the outbreak of the Second World War (September 1939) mass extermination will begin
• The economic policies of Nazi Germanyaim to reduce unemployment by paying off the public debt
• The government invests heavily in the war sector
• Unions abolished, workers are framed in the ‘German Labor Front’, a highly hierarchical paramilitary organization
• The purchasing power and living conditions of German workers improve markedly, but at the same time the hours of work increase
• The entertainment and leisure industry is entirely state-run with strong propaganda intent
• There are no particular attempts at resistance

·                                 The new imperialism and the outbreak of war

• The only possible outlet for the Nazi regimewas war
• In October 1933, Germany left the League of Nations
• Bilateral agreements are concluded with Poland and the Soviet Union
• In 1935 the Saar is annexed by a plebiscite
• In 1937 Hitlermanifested his plan in a government meeting: to annex Austria and Czechoslovakia
• In 1938 the annexations of Austria and some Czechoslovakian territories begin
• In 1939 the annexations continued, and on 1 September, with the attack on Poland, the Second World War broke out

Questions answers

• What is National Socialism?

National Socialism, or Nazism, is a set of ideologies developed by Adolf Hitler but is transformed into a totalitarian system of government with the seizure of power by the National Socialist Party.

• When was National Socialism born?

In the first half of the twentieth century.

• Who was Hitler?

German politician, Reich Chancellor from 1933 and Nazi dictator of Germany from 1934 to 1945.